Nursing Elites

1. A patient is admitted to the emergency room and is found to have proteinuria, a low serum albumin level, edema, and elevated blood lipids. Which condition do these symptoms typically associate with?

• A. Nephrotic syndrome
• B. Acute kidney injury
• C. Rejection of a kidney transplant
• D. Renal colic

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria (excess protein in urine), hypoalbuminemia (low serum albumin), edema (swelling due to fluid buildup), and hyperlipidemia (elevated blood lipids). These symptoms occur as a result of damage to the kidneys' filtering units. Acute kidney injury, rejection of a kidney transplant, and renal colic do not present with the same combination of symptoms as nephrotic syndrome. Acute kidney injury typically presents with a sudden decrease in kidney function, resulting in a build-up of waste products in the blood. Rejection of a kidney transplant may present with fever, pain at the transplant site, and changes in urine output. Renal colic usually presents with intense pain in the lower back or side, related to kidney stones.

2. Sickle cell disease is an example of an inherited mistake in the amino acid sequence.

• A. TRUE
• B. FALSE
• C.
• D.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The statement is TRUE. Sickle cell disease is caused by a genetic mutation in the hemoglobin gene, leading to an abnormal amino acid sequence. This results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin molecules, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped. This inherited condition is a classic example of a genetic error affecting the amino acid sequence, making choice A the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the nature of sickle cell disease.

3. Which of the following terms describes the amount of blood ejected per heartbeat?

• A. Stroke volume
• B. Cardiac output
• C. Ejection fraction
• D. Afterload

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stroke volume. Stroke volume refers to the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction. Choice B, Cardiac output, is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute and is calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate. Choice C, Ejection fraction, is the percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. Choice D, Afterload, refers to the pressure or resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood during systole. Therefore, in the context of the question, the term that specifically describes the amount of blood ejected per heartbeat is stroke volume.

4. A healthcare professional is preparing to remove a client’s clogged NG tube prior to re-inserting a new tube. Which of the following actions should the healthcare professional take first?

• A. Assist the client in blowing their nose.
• B. Ask the client to take a deep breath and hold it.
• C. Pinch the proximal end of the tube.
• D. Disconnect the tube from the suction source.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Correct Answer: Disconnecting the tube from the suction source is the first step in safely removing a clogged NG tube. This action helps prevent any suction-related complications and ensures a smooth transition when removing the tube. Choice A, assisting the client to blow their nose, is not necessary in this situation. Choice B, asking the client to take a deep breath and hold it, is unrelated to the process of removing a clogged NG tube. Choice C, pinching the proximal end of the tube, should only be done after disconnecting the tube from the suction source to prevent the contents from leaking.

5. A client is prescribed a 1500-calorie diet. Thirty percent of the calories are to be derived from fat. How many grams of fat should the nurse tell the client to consume per day? (Round the answer to the nearest whole number. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trailing zero.)

• A. 21
• B. 49
• C. 60
• D. 50

Correct answer: D

Rationale: To calculate the grams of fat, first, determine the calories from fat by multiplying the total calorie intake (1500 calories) by the percentage of calories from fat (30%), which equals 450 calories from fat. Since 1 gram of fat is equivalent to 9 calories, divide the total calories from fat (450) by the calories in 1 gram of fat (9) to get the answer in grams, which is 50. Therefore, the client should consume 50 grams of fat per day. Choice A (21), Choice B (49), and Choice C (60) are incorrect as they do not reflect the accurate calculation based on the given information.

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