Nursing Elites

1. What causes wrinkled and sagging skin?

• A. Drinking too much water
• B. Heredity alone
• C. Loss of subcutaneous fat and reduced levels of elastin and collagen
• D. Excess subcutaneous fat

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Wrinkled and sagging skin is primarily caused by the loss of subcutaneous fat and reduced levels of elastin and collagen in the skin. Choice A is incorrect as drinking too much water does not lead to wrinkled and sagging skin. Choice B is incorrect because heredity alone does not cause this condition. Excess subcutaneous fat, as mentioned in Choice D, can contribute to a different skin appearance, such as puffiness, but not wrinkled and sagging skin.

2. Living organisms use oxygen to __________________.

• A. reduce heat production
• B. accept electrons for cellular metabolism
• C. release energy stored in the molecules of food
• D. remove metabolic wastes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Living organisms use oxygen to release energy stored in the molecules of food through a process called cellular respiration. This process involves breaking down glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. Choice A is incorrect because oxygen does not directly reduce heat production in organisms. Choice B is incorrect because oxygen is involved in accepting electrons rather than donating them in cellular metabolism. Choice D is incorrect because the removal of metabolic wastes is not the primary role of oxygen in living organisms.

3. When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true?

• A. The head is facing to the front.
• B. The palms are facing forward.
• C. The body is erect.
• D. The upper limbs are at the sides.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In the anatomical position, the palms are facing forward, not backward. Choice A is correct because the head is indeed facing to the front. Choice C is correct as the body is erect. Choice D is correct as the upper limbs are positioned at the sides. Therefore, the incorrect statement is that the palms are facing forward.

4. Why are anatomy and physiology difficult to separate?

• A. Physiological functions depend on anatomical structures.
• B. Physiological functions in an organism are ongoing.
• C. Body parts provide structural support.
• D. Our understanding of physiology is changing more than our understanding of anatomy.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate because physiological functions depend on anatomical structures. The correct answer highlights the interdependence between the two disciplines; physiological functions are carried out by anatomical structures. Choice B is incorrect as it only states a characteristic of physiological functions without addressing the relationship with anatomy. Choice C is incorrect as it talks about body parts providing structural support, which is not directly related to the interdependence of anatomy and physiology. Choice D is incorrect because the rate of change in understanding does not necessarily dictate the difficulty of separating the two disciplines.

5. What is the function of the gallbladder?

• A. Filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, such as alcohol and drugs
• B. Make enzymes
• C. Store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that helps with fat digestion
• D. Helps to further digest food

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that helps with fat digestion. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver and releases it to aid in the digestion of fats. Choice A is incorrect as the liver, not the gallbladder, filters blood and detoxifies harmful substances. Choice B is incorrect because the production of enzymes primarily occurs in the pancreas, not the gallbladder. Choice D is incorrect as the gallbladder's main role is not to further digest food but to store and release bile.

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