Nursing Elites

1. What is the main function of the digestive system?

• A. Formation of cells
• B. Movement of body parts
• C. Absorption of nutrients
• D. Providing oxygen for the extraction of energy from nutrients

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Absorption of nutrients. The main function of the digestive system is to break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body to provide energy and support bodily functions. Choice A, 'Formation of cells,' is incorrect as cell formation is not the primary function of the digestive system; it is more related to processes like cell division and growth. Choice B, 'Movement of body parts,' is incorrect as this is more related to the muscular system, which controls body movements. Choice D, 'Providing oxygen for the extraction of energy from nutrients,' is incorrect because providing oxygen is primarily the function of the respiratory system, which is responsible for breathing and oxygen exchange in the body, not the digestive system.

2. In a normally functioning cardiovascular system, where does the heartbeat originate?

• A. Atrioventricular nodes
• B. Bundle of His
• C. Purkinje fibers
• D. Sinoatrial node

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the Sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart as it initiates the electrical impulses responsible for the heartbeat. The other choices, such as the Atrioventricular (AV) nodes, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers, are involved in conducting the electrical signals generated by the SA node to coordinate the heart's contractions. Therefore, they do not serve as the primary origin of the heartbeat.

3. Which of the following is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism in the human body?

• A. Shivering when the body temperature falls below normal.
• B. Increasing heart rate and force of contraction when blood pressure falls.
• C. Retaining fluid excessively.
• D. Secreting insulin after a meal to return blood sugar concentration toward normal.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Homeostatic mechanisms aim to maintain internal stability within the body. Choices A, B, and D all represent examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Shivering helps generate heat to raise body temperature back to normal levels. Increasing heart rate and force of contraction work to restore blood pressure. Insulin secretion after a meal helps regulate blood sugar levels. On the other hand, retaining fluid excessively can lead to fluid imbalance rather than maintaining internal stability, making it the incorrect choice.

4. Lowering the hand by straightening the elbow affects which of the following muscles?

• A. biceps brachii
• B. triceps brachii
• C. brachialis
• D. brachioradialis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Lowering the hand by straightening the elbow is the action of extending the forearm, which is primarily done by the triceps brachii muscle. The triceps brachii is the main extensor muscle of the elbow joint. The biceps brachii is responsible for flexing the elbow, not extending it, making it an incorrect choice. Brachialis is a strong elbow flexor, and brachioradialis helps in flexing the elbow and pronating the forearm, so they are not the primary muscles involved in straightening the elbow.

5. Which of the following is a result of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system?

• A. decreased blood flow to the skeletal muscles
• B. increased cardiac output
• C. decreased respiratory rate
• D. increased urinary output

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in cardiac output. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it causes the heart to beat faster and with more force, leading to an increased cardiac output. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the sympathetic nervous system does not cause decreased blood flow to the skeletal muscles, decreased respiratory rate, or increased urinary output.

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