Nursing Elites

1. What condition has been shown to be associated with esophageal dysphagia?

• A. myasthenia gravis
• B. achalasia
• C. Alzheimer's disease
• D. cerebral palsy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Achalasia is the correct answer. It is a condition characterized by the esophagus having difficulty moving food toward the stomach, resulting in dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). Myasthenia gravis (Choice A) is a neuromuscular disorder that affects skeletal muscles, not the esophagus. Alzheimer's disease (Choice C) primarily affects cognitive function, not the esophagus. Cerebral palsy (Choice D) is a neurological disorder affecting body movement and muscle coordination, unrelated to esophageal dysphagia.

2. What are symptoms of uncontrolled type 1 diabetes?

• A. Depression, anxiety, and fatigue
• B. Increased thirst, urination, and hunger
• C. Weight gain, macrosomia, and food cravings
• D. Poor wound healing, blurred vision, and recurrent infections

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increased thirst, urination, and hunger. Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes typically presents with classic symptoms including polydipsia (increased thirst), polyuria (frequent urination), and polyphagia (increased hunger). These symptoms are often accompanied by weight loss due to the body's inability to properly utilize glucose for energy. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the typical symptoms of uncontrolled type 1 diabetes. Depression, anxiety, fatigue, weight gain, macrosomia, food cravings, poor wound healing, blurred vision, and recurrent infections are not primary symptoms associated with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes.

3. A healthcare professional is reviewing the laboratory findings of a client who has heart failure. Which of the following findings indicates that the client is experiencing fluid volume excess?

• A. BUN 8 mg/dL
• B. Hgb 15 g/dL
• C. Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL
• D. Sodium 140 mEq/L

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A BUN level of 8 mg/dL indicates fluid volume excess in a client with heart failure. BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) levels can be low in fluid overload due to hemodilution, a common occurrence in heart failure. High levels of BUN usually indicate dehydration or impaired renal function, which are not the case in fluid volume excess. Choices B, C, and D are within normal ranges and do not specifically indicate fluid volume excess.

4. Which type of lipid is solid at room temperature?

• A. Cholesterol
• B. Phospholipid
• C. Saturated fat
• D. Trans fat

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Saturated fats, such as those found in butter and lard, are typically solid at room temperature due to the lack of double bonds, which allows the fat molecules to pack closely together. Cholesterol (Choice A) is a steroid, not a fat, and while it's solid at room temperature, it doesn't fit the general category of 'lipid' in the context of this question. Phospholipids (Choice B) are a major component of all cell membranes and can be both solid and liquid at room temperature depending on their composition. Trans fats (Choice D) can also be solid or liquid at room temperature, but they are not typically referred to as 'lipids' in a general sense.

5. Which organ absorbs water and vitamin K and may be affected by ulcerative colitis?

• A. Stomach
• B. Pancreas
• C. Large intestine
• D. Small intestine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The large intestine is the organ that is primarily responsible for the absorption of water and vitamin K in the human body. A disease like ulcerative colitis can disrupt these functions by causing inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the large intestine, leading to digestive issues. The stomach (Choice A) primarily functions to break down and digest food, not to absorb water and vitamins. The pancreas (Choice B) secretes enzymes to aid in digestion and hormones to regulate blood sugar, but does not absorb water and vitamins. The small intestine (Choice D) is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food, but not specifically water and vitamin K. Therefore, these other choices are incorrect.

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