Nursing Elites

1. Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize __________.

• A. cooperation
• B. nurturance
• C. competition
• D. physical attractiveness

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'competition.' Parents often give boys toys that promote competition and physical activity, aligning with traditional gender roles. This emphasis on competition can help boys develop skills such as leadership, strategy, and resilience. Choice A, 'cooperation,' is incorrect because while cooperation is valuable, it is not typically emphasized through toys given to boys. Choice B, 'nurturance,' is also incorrect as nurturing qualities are not commonly associated with toys given to boys. Choice D, 'physical attractiveness,' is unrelated to the toys parents usually give their sons.

2. __________ children are at risk for poor school performance, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior in adolescence and criminality in adulthood.

• A. Average
• B. Controversial
• C. Rejected
• D. Popular

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rejected children often face social difficulties that lead to negative outcomes later in life, including academic and behavioral problems. The term 'rejected' specifically refers to children who are socially excluded or shunned by their peers, leading to the mentioned negative consequences. 'Average,' 'Controversial,' and 'Popular' do not convey the same meaning and are not related to the risks mentioned in the question.

3. According to operant conditioning theory, __________.

• A. the frequency of a behavior can be increased through punishment, such as disapproval
• B. normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation
• C. the id develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society
• D. the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers

Correct answer: D

Rationale: According to operant conditioning theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers. In operant conditioning, behaviors are shaped through reinforcement, which can be positive (rewarding) or negative (removal of something unpleasant). By providing reinforcement following a behavior, the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future is increased. This supports the notion that the frequency of a behavior can be increased by using reinforcers in operant conditioning. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because operant conditioning focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences through reinforcement (positive or negative) to increase the likelihood of the behavior recurring, rather than punishment, cultural influences, or the development of the id based on societal values.

4. A 20-week-old fetus can __________.

• A. be stimulated as well as irritated by sounds
• B. survive, if born early
• C. breathe without oxygen assistance, if born early
• D. control its own body temperature Answer: A Page Ref: 80 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Prenatal Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A 20-week-old fetus is able to be stimulated as well as irritated by sounds because by this stage of prenatal development, the fetus's auditory system is already well-developed. It can respond to external sounds and may even startle or move in reaction to loud noises.

5. Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This correlation is __________ and __________.

• A. moderate; positive
• B. low; positive
• C. high; negative
• D. low; negative Answer: A Page Ref: 33 Skill Level: Apply and limitations of each. Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Easy

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correlation of +.49 indicates a moderate strength of relationship between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent delinquency. The positive correlation indicates that as one variable (illegal drug use) increases, the other variable (adolescent delinquency) also tends to increase.

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