Nursing Elites

1. What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the pleura, causing sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing?

• A. Pleurisy
• B. Pericarditis
• C. Endocarditis
• D. Myocarditis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Pleurisy. Pleurisy is the inflammation of the pleura, the lining surrounding the lungs, which causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. Pericarditis (choice B) is the inflammation of the pericardium, the sac around the heart, which typically causes chest pain that worsens when lying down. Endocarditis (choice C) is the inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, leading to symptoms like fever, fatigue, and abnormal heart sounds. Myocarditis (choice D) is inflammation of the heart muscle, which can cause symptoms such as chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

2. The client is on spironolactone (Aldactone). What is the most important dietary instruction?

• A. Avoid foods high in potassium.
• B. Increase intake of foods high in potassium.
• C. Avoid foods high in sodium.
• D. Increase intake of foods high in sodium.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is to avoid foods high in potassium. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, meaning it helps the body retain potassium and can lead to hyperkalemia if too much potassium is consumed. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because increasing intake of potassium-rich foods can worsen hyperkalemia, while avoiding foods high in sodium is not the primary concern when taking spironolactone.

3. What is a surgical procedure where a blood vessel is grafted to bypass a blocked coronary artery, improving blood flow to the heart muscle?

• A. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
• B. Valve replacement
• C. Angioplasty
• D. Endarterectomy

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). CABG involves grafting a blood vessel to bypass a blocked coronary artery, enhancing blood flow to the heart muscle. This procedure helps reduce the risk of heart attack by restoring proper blood circulation to the heart. Choice B, valve replacement, is a different surgical procedure that involves replacing damaged or dysfunctional heart valves. Choice C, angioplasty, is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a balloon to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels. Choice D, endarterectomy, is the surgical removal of plaque from the lining of an artery to improve blood flow.

4. What is a device that delivers a fine spray of medication into the airways?

• A. Nebulizer
• B. Inhaler
• C. Oxygen concentrator
• D. Peak flow meter

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A nebulizer is a device that converts liquid medication into a fine mist, allowing it to be inhaled directly into the lungs. This makes it the correct answer to the question. Choice B, an inhaler, delivers medication in a different form - as a pressurized dose that needs to be inhaled. Choice C, an oxygen concentrator, is used to deliver oxygen to patients with breathing difficulties but does not deliver medication. Choice D, a peak flow meter, is used to measure how fast air can be blown out of the lungs and is not involved in delivering medication.

5. This is the inflammation of the heart's inner lining, usually caused by an infection.

• A. Endocarditis
• B. Myocarditis
• C. Pericarditis
• D. Valvulitis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Endocarditis is the inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves, usually caused by a bacterial infection. Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle, Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium (the outer lining of the heart), and Valvulitis is the inflammation of the heart valves. Therefore, in this case, the correct answer is Endocarditis as it specifically refers to the inflammation of the heart's inner lining.

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