Nursing Elites

1. The recommended daily fluid intake of patients maintained using hemodialysis is:

• A. 150 mL plus the volume of urinary output
• B. 500 mL plus the volume of urinary output
• C. 1000 mL plus the volume of urinary output
• D. 1500 mL plus the volume of urinary output

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 1000 mL plus the volume of urinary output. Fluid intake is typically restricted in hemodialysis patients to prevent fluid overload. The recommended daily fluid intake for these patients is 1000 mL plus any urinary output. Choice A (150 mL plus the volume of urinary output) is too low and would not provide enough fluid for these patients. Choice B (500 mL plus the volume of urinary output) is also insufficient. Choice D (1500 mL plus the volume of urinary output) is too high and may lead to fluid overload in hemodialysis patients.

2. Which nutrient is critical for wound healing and immune function?

• A. Vitamin B12
• B. Vitamin C
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin K

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Vitamin C is essential for collagen formation and immune function.

3. Which of the following converts starch to disaccharides, and this reaction occurs in the _____?

• A. pancreatic amylases, small intestine
• B. brush border enzymes, small intestine
• C. luminal enzymes, large intestine
• D. pancreatic amylases, pancreas

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Pancreatic amylases break down starch into disaccharides in the small intestine. This process occurs in the small intestine, not the large intestine or pancreas. Brush border enzymes act on disaccharides to break them down into monosaccharides, while luminal enzymes are not specifically involved in the conversion of starch to disaccharides.

4. Which is most likely to initiate periodontal disease?

• A. Nutrient deficiencies
• B. Nutrient excesses
• C. Nutrient imbalances
• D. Plaque biofilm

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Plaque biofilm is the primary initiator of periodontal disease, as it harbors bacteria that can lead to inflammation and destruction of the periodontal tissues.

5. A nurse is teaching a client about preparing low-fat meals. The nurse should include that which of the following oils contains saturated fat?

• A. Corn
• B. Olive
• C. Canola
• D. Coconut

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Coconut oil contains a high amount of saturated fat, which can increase LDL cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease. Olive, corn, and canola oils are primarily unsaturated fats, which are considered heart-healthy fats. Olive oil, in particular, is rich in monounsaturated fats, while corn and canola oils are good sources of polyunsaturated fats. Therefore, the correct answer is Coconut because it contains saturated fat, unlike the other options.

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