Nursing Elites

1. Can bacterial plaque metabolize sucrose, lactose, and fructose? Is fructose, also known as levulose and found naturally in honey, less cariogenic than sucrose and lactose?

• A. Yes, bacterial plaque can metabolize these sugars, but no, fructose is not less cariogenic.
• B. No, bacterial plaque cannot metabolize these sugars, and fructose is not less cariogenic.
• C. Yes, bacterial plaque can metabolize these sugars, but no, fructose is not less cariogenic.
• D. No, bacterial plaque cannot metabolize these sugars, but yes, fructose is less cariogenic.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The first statement is correct as bacterial plaque can indeed metabolize sucrose, lactose, and fructose. However, the second statement is inaccurate. Fructose, despite being found naturally in honey and known also as levulose, is not less cariogenic than either sucrose or lactose. This means that its consumption does not result in fewer cavities or tooth decay. Therefore, the correct answer is that bacterial plaque can metabolize these sugars, but fructose is not less cariogenic. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they either wrongly assert that bacterial plaque cannot metabolize these sugars or wrongly claim that fructose is less cariogenic.

2. A client is prescribed a 1500-calorie diet. Thirty percent of the calories are to be derived from fat. How many grams of fat should the nurse tell the client to consume per day? (Round the answer to the nearest whole number. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trailing zero.)

• A. 21
• B. 49
• C. 60
• D. 50

Correct answer: D

Rationale: To calculate the grams of fat, first, determine the calories from fat by multiplying the total calorie intake (1500 calories) by the percentage of calories from fat (30%), which equals 450 calories from fat. Since 1 gram of fat is equivalent to 9 calories, divide the total calories from fat (450) by the calories in 1 gram of fat (9) to get the answer in grams, which is 50. Therefore, the client should consume 50 grams of fat per day. Choice A (21), Choice B (49), and Choice C (60) are incorrect as they do not reflect the accurate calculation based on the given information.

3. Each of the following is a form of vitamin K, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Phylloquinone
• B. Tocopherol
• C. Menaquinone
• D. Menadione

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Tocopherol, Choice B, is not a form of vitamin K; it is another name for vitamin E. Phylloquinone (Choice A), menaquinone (Choice C), and menadione (Choice D) are all forms of vitamin K. Phylloquinone is vitamin K1 found in green plants, menaquinone is vitamin K2 produced in the large intestine and found in animal tissues, and menadione is a synthetic form of vitamin K. Therefore, Choice B is the correct answer because it does not belong to the vitamin K group, unlike the other options.

4. What chronic disease has been associated with increased risks of dental problems?

• A. diabetes mellitus
• B. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• C. Addison's disease
• D. asthma

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of dental problems, including gum disease and tooth loss, due to high blood sugar levels. While chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Addison's disease, and asthma may have oral health implications, diabetes mellitus is specifically known for its strong association with dental issues.

5. During blood administration, what is essential for the nurse to do in order to carefully monitor for adverse reactions?

• A. Stay with the client for the first 15 minutes of blood administration
• B. Stay with the client for the entire period of blood administration
• C. Run the infusion at a faster rate during the first 15 minutes
• D. Inform the client to notify the staff immediately for any adverse reaction

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In the context of blood administration, it's crucial for the nurse to stay with the client for the first 15 minutes. This is because most adverse reactions are likely to occur within this initial period. Monitoring the client closely during this time allows for immediate detection and response to any potential reactions. Choice B, staying with the client for the entire period of blood administration, is not typically feasible or necessary, although regular checks should be conducted. Running the infusion at a faster rate during the first 15 minutes (Choice C) is incorrect as this can actually increase the risk of adverse reactions. Informing the client to notify the staff immediately for any adverse reaction (Choice D) is an important practice, but it is not the most direct way for the nurse to monitor for adverse reactions.

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