Nursing Elites

1. Studies suggest that leukoplakia is resolved by excess vitamin A (a fat-soluble vitamin), retinoids, and beta-carotene. Leukoplakia is a white plaque that forms on oral mucous membranes.

• A. Both statements are true.
• B. Both statements are false.
• C. The first statement is true; the second is false.
• D. The first statement is false; the second is true.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Both statements are false. Studies suggest that leukoplakia, a white plaque that forms on oral mucous membranes, can be resolved by vitamin A, retinoids, and beta-carotene. Despite the potential to resolve leukoplakia, relapse is common. Also pertinent, evidence does not indicate that any of these nutrients prevent malignant transformation. The extract provided clarifies that leukoplakia is a white plaque, not an erythematous lesion, and that vitamin A, retinoids, and beta-carotene can help resolve it.

2. A client taking antibiotics develops diarrhea. Which of the following foods should the nurse recommend to include in the client’s diet?

• A. Whole wheat bread
• B. Fresh orange sections
• C. Ice cream
• D. Yogurt

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Yogurt is the correct answer because it contains probiotics that can help restore normal gut flora and reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Whole wheat bread (Choice A) may worsen diarrhea due to its high fiber content. Fresh orange sections (Choice B) are acidic and may irritate the digestive system further. Ice cream (Choice C) is high in sugar and fat, which can exacerbate diarrhea.

3. Which of the following is a poor food source of iron?

• A. Dried fruits
• B. Cheese
• C. Clams
• D. Legumes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Iron is an essential nutrient for the body, and while it can be found in many different types of foods, the amounts can vary significantly. Cheese, while a good source of other nutrients like calcium and protein, is not a particularly rich source of iron. On the other hand, clams, legumes, and dried fruits are known to contain higher levels of iron. Therefore, among the provided choices, cheese is considered a poor source of iron. It's important to note that a balanced diet should include a variety of foods to ensure the intake of all necessary nutrients.

4. Select all that apply. Characteristics of the 2 main types of essential fatty acids discussed in class include:

• A. they must be supplied by the diet
• B. they can be produced by a process called dehydrogenation
• C. they are anti-inflammatory
• D. they are all polyunsaturated fatty acids

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'they must be supplied by the diet.' Essential fatty acids, like omega-3 and omega-6, cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through the diet. They are polyunsaturated fatty acids, playing vital roles in inflammation and cell membrane structure. Choice B is incorrect because essential fatty acids cannot be produced by dehydrogenation, a process of removing hydrogen. Choice C is incorrect as not all essential fatty acids are anti-inflammatory; some have pro-inflammatory roles. Choice D is incorrect because not all essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated; omega-9, for example, is a monounsaturated essential fatty acid.

5. Which types of diabetes are characterized by the body's cells becoming resistant to insulin? (Select all that apply)

• A. Gestational diabetes
• B. Type II diabetes
• C. Type I diabetes
• D. Both A and B

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In both gestational diabetes and Type II diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Insulin resistance in these types of diabetes prevents glucose from entering the cells, causing it to accumulate in the bloodstream. On the other hand, Type I diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin because the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Therefore, the correct answer is both A and B. Choice C, Type I diabetes, is not characterized by insulin resistance but rather by the body's inability to produce insulin. Therefore, it is incorrect. Choice D, Both A and B, includes the correct options of gestational diabetes and Type II diabetes, making it the correct answer.

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