Nursing Elites

1. During nutritional counseling, what is the most important step to take?

• A. Consult the patient's family
• B. Formulate a sample diet plan before presenting it to the patient
• C. Include members of the dental team in the dietary formulation
• D. Include the patient in the formulation of the dietary plan

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During nutritional counseling, the most important step is to include the patient in the formulation of the dietary plan. This ensures their active involvement, understanding, and commitment to the plan, leading to better compliance and success in achieving nutritional goals. Consulting the patient's family (Choice A) may be helpful but should not replace involving the patient directly. Formulating a sample diet plan before presenting it to the patient (Choice B) may not align with the patient's preferences or needs. Including members of the dental team in the dietary formulation (Choice C) may not be necessary unless specific dental concerns need to be addressed.

2. Has Healthy People (HP 2020), issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, resulted in a reduction of deaths from cardiovascular disease, stroke, and some cancers, as well as decreased dental caries in children aged 2 to 4 years and adults aged 53 to 44 years?

• A. Yes, both statements are true.
• B. No, both statements are false.
• C. The first statement is true; the second is false.
• D. The first statement is false; the second is true.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Both statements are false. While Healthy People (HP 2020) has contributed to a reduction in deaths from cardiovascular disease, stroke, and some cancers, it did not result in decreased dental caries in children aged 2 to 4 years and adults aged 53 to 44 years. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Choice A is incorrect because the second statement is false. Choice C is incorrect as the first statement is also false. Choice D is incorrect as the second statement is false.

3. How many calories are contained in a food that has 15 grams of carbohydrates, 4 grams of protein, and 10 grams of fat?

• A. 106
• B. 124
• C. 166
• D. 202

Correct answer: C

Rationale: To calculate the total calories in a food item, you can use the following conversions: every 1 gram of carbohydrate provides 4 calories, 1 gram of protein provides 4 calories, and 1 gram of fat provides 9 calories. Therefore, for this food item, multiply 15 grams of carbohydrates by 4 calories/gram, 4 grams of protein by 4 calories/gram, and 10 grams of fat by 9 calories/gram. The calculation would be (15 * 4) + (4 * 4) + (10 * 9) = 60 + 16 + 90 = 166 calories. Choice A (106) is incorrect because it does not consider the calories from fat. Choice B (124) is incorrect as it underestimates the calories by not including all macronutrients. Choice D (202) is incorrect as it overestimates the calories by adding up the values incorrectly.

4. What is the initial major sign of acute renal failure?

• A. Oliguria
• B. Hematuria
• C. Proteinuria
• D. Glycosuria

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Oliguria, or reduced urine output, is often the initial major sign of acute renal failure. This reduction in urine output indicates that the kidneys are not functioning properly. Hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (presence of protein in urine), and glycosuria (presence of glucose in urine) are not typically the initial major signs of acute renal failure. While they may be present in certain conditions, oliguria is the most common and critical indicator of acute renal failure.

5. The purpose of ECT in clients with depression is to:

• A. Stimulation in the brain to increase brain conduction and counteract depression
• B. Mainly Biologic, increasing the norepinephrine and serotonin level
• C. Creates a temporary brain damage that will increase blood flow to the brain
• D. Involves the conduction of electrical current to the brain to charge the neurons and combat depression

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Patient safety and efficacy of care depend on actions rooted in established nursing protocols that consider both the immediate and long-term needs of the patient.

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