distinguish between assimilation and accommodation

ATI RN

Psychology 101 Exam 3 Test

1. Distinguish between assimilation and accommodation.

A. Assimilation refers to adjusting our mental frameworks to incorporate new information.
B. Assimilation is when new experiences are interpreted in terms of existing schemas.
C. Assimilation is adapting our behaviors to match societal norms.
D. Assimilation and accommodation are unrelated to cognitive development.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Assimilation is when new experiences are interpreted in terms of existing schemas, meaning individuals try to fit new information into their pre-existing understanding of the world. Accommodation, on the other hand, involves adjusting our schemas to fit new information, which means changing our existing mental frameworks when new information doesn't fit. Choice A is incorrect because it describes accommodation rather than assimilation. Choice C is incorrect as it confuses assimilation with social adaptation. Choice D is incorrect as assimilation and accommodation are fundamental processes in cognitive development, as described by Piaget.

2. School phobia among kids may be a form of?

A. Occurs every time when one is in a certain situation
B. Occurs most of the time when one is in a specific situation
C. Be unexpected
D. Expected

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Be unexpected.' School phobia in children is often associated with separation anxiety disorder, leading to unexpected and intense fear or anxiety about attending school. Choices A and B are incorrect because school phobia does not necessarily occur every time or most of the time when in a specific situation; it is more about the unexpected fear related to attending school. Choice D is also incorrect because school phobia is characterized by an unexpected and overwhelming fear of school, not an expected or anticipated reaction.

3. How does parenting style influence child development?

A. Authoritative parenting is associated with the best outcomes.
B. Permissive parenting leads to the best outcomes.
C. Neglectful parenting is associated with the best outcomes.
D. Authoritarian parenting is the most effective in child development.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Authoritative parenting, which balances warmth and control, is associated with the best outcomes in child development. It fosters independence, self-regulation, and social competence in children. Choice B is incorrect because permissive parenting, which is characterized by low demands and high responsiveness, may lead to issues like lack of self-discipline. Choice C is incorrect as neglectful parenting, characterized by low demands and low responsiveness, can result in various negative outcomes for the child. Choice D is incorrect because authoritarian parenting, which is high on control but low on warmth, may lead to obedience but can also stifle a child's independence and creativity.

4. John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized ________.

A. the social environment in forming attachments.
B. the quality of parental care in forming attachments.
C. the quality of early reinforcers and stimulation in forming attachments.
D. the necessity of independence from parental figures in forming attachments.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized the quality of parental care in forming attachments. This is because Bowlby believed that a child's early experiences with their primary caregiver, especially the quality of care and responsiveness received, significantly influence the child's ability to form secure attachments. Choice A is incorrect because while the social environment plays a role, Bowlby's theory focused more on the caregiver-child relationship. Choice C is incorrect as it does not capture the central role of parental care highlighted in Bowlby's theory. Choice D is also incorrect as Bowlby's theory actually emphasized the importance of a secure attachment to parental figures for healthy emotional development.

5. Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 is the ________ stage.

A. oral
B. anal
C. phallic
D. genital

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 is the phallic stage. During this stage, children focus on the genitals and start to identify with the same-sex parent while developing the superego. Choice A, the oral stage, occurs during infancy (0-1 year), where gratification is centered around the mouth. Choice B, the anal stage, occurs between the ages of 1 and 3, focusing on toilet training. Choice D, the genital stage, is the final stage in Freud's theory, occurring from puberty onwards, where the focus is on mature sexual relationships.