Nursing Elites

1. In which of the following conditions does a person need to sit, stand, or use multiple pillows when lying down?

• A. Orthopnea
• B. Dyspnea
• C. Eupnea
• D. Apnea

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Orthopnea. Orthopnea is a medical condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while lying down. To alleviate this difficulty, the person may need to sit, stand, or use multiple pillows. On the other hand, Dyspnea refers to general shortness of breath which is not specifically related to the position of the body. Eupnea is the term for normal, unlabored breathing, and Apnea is a condition characterized by the cessation of breathing. Thus, none of these other choices directly relate to the need to adjust body position or use aids like multiple pillows to breathe comfortably when lying down.

2. A nurse is assessing the nutritional status of an infant who is 6 months old. The infant weighed 2.7 kg at birth. Which of the following indicates to the nurse that the infant is within the expected range?

• A. 5.5 kg
• B. 6.4 kg
• C. 4.5 kg
• D. 3.6 kg

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, 6.4 kg. An infant's weight should approximately double by 6 months. In this case, starting from a birth weight of 2.7 kg, a weight of 6.4 kg at 6 months indicates normal growth. Choice A (5.5 kg) is below the expected range for a 6-month-old infant. Choices C (4.5 kg) and D (3.6 kg) are also below the expected weight gain, indicating inadequate growth.

3. Cariogenic foods and beverages, which are fermentable carbohydrates that can be metabolized by oral bacteria, reduce salivary pH to what critical level?

• A. 5
• B. 5.5
• C. 6
• D. 6.5

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cariogenic foods and beverages lower the pH level in the mouth to below 5.5. This is a critical threshold, as it is the point at which enamel begins to demineralize, increasing the risk of dental caries. Therefore, options 'A', 'C', and 'D' are incorrect. Although a pH level of 5, as suggested by option 'A', would indeed lead to demineralization, it's not the threshold value. The pH levels suggested by options 'C' and 'D' (6 and 6.5, respectively) are higher than the critical value of 5.5, which means they would not initiate enamel demineralization and the subsequent risk of dental caries.

4. A nurse is caring for a client with a thiamine deficiency. Which assessment findings will the nurse expect?

• A. Tachycardia, muscle weakness, and lack of coordination
• B. Swollen lips, cracks in the corners of the mouth, and glossitis
• C. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of delusions and hallucinations
• D. Scaly rash on arms, dementia, and diarrhea

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Thiamine deficiency, also known as Vitamin B1 deficiency, can present with various symptoms. Tachycardia, muscle weakness, and lack of coordination are classic signs of thiamine deficiency due to its role in energy metabolism. Swollen lips, cracks in the corners of the mouth, and glossitis are more indicative of a deficiency in riboflavin (Vitamin B2). Neuropsychiatric symptoms of delusions and hallucinations are characteristic of niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency. A scaly rash on the arms, dementia, and diarrhea are not typically associated with thiamine deficiency. Therefore, the correct assessment findings for a client with thiamine deficiency are tachycardia, muscle weakness, and lack of coordination.

5. Is the statement 'The metabolic rate is the highest after a few hours of sleep' true or false?

• A. True
• B. False
• C.
• D.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The statement is false. The metabolic rate is actually lowest during sleep and increases upon waking. During sleep, the body conserves energy, leading to a lower metabolic rate. As the body wakes up and becomes active, the metabolic rate increases to support the body's functions and energy needs. Therefore, the metabolic rate is not the highest after a few hours of sleep, making the statement false.

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