Nursing Elites

1. In which of the following conditions does a person need to sit, stand, or use multiple pillows when lying down?

• A. Orthopnea
• B. Dyspnea
• C. Eupnea
• D. Apnea

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Orthopnea. Orthopnea is a medical condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while lying down. To alleviate this difficulty, the person may need to sit, stand, or use multiple pillows. On the other hand, Dyspnea refers to general shortness of breath which is not specifically related to the position of the body. Eupnea is the term for normal, unlabored breathing, and Apnea is a condition characterized by the cessation of breathing. Thus, none of these other choices directly relate to the need to adjust body position or use aids like multiple pillows to breathe comfortably when lying down.

2. In approximately what percentage of cases is the prevalence seen?

• A. Type 1 Diabetes
• B. Type 2 Diabetes
• C. N/A
• D. N/A

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Type 1 Diabetes. The prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes is seen in approximately 5% to 10% of cases. This statement highlights a key epidemiological characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes. Choice B, Type 2 Diabetes, is incorrect because the prevalence mentioned does not align with Type 2 Diabetes, which has a much higher prevalence in the general population. Choices C and D are not relevant to the question and can be disregarded.

3. Much of the research investigating probiotics and intestinal illness has focused on the prevention and treatment of _____.

• A. irritable bowel syndrome
• B. Crohn's disease
• C. diverticulitis
• D. infectious diarrhea

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: infectious diarrhea.' Research has extensively explored the use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of infectious diarrhea. Probiotics can aid in restoring the balance of gut flora, thereby reducing symptoms. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because while probiotics may have some benefits for these conditions, the primary focus of research in relation to probiotics and intestinal illness has been on infectious diarrhea.

4. Which food items should be consumed with nonheme iron to increase its absorption, according to a nurse's education plan for clients?

• A. Kiwi
• B. Strawberries
• C. Coffee
• D. Kiwi and Strawberries

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Kiwi and Strawberries. Both of these fruits are high in vitamin C, a nutrient known to enhance the absorption of nonheme iron. Vitamin C facilitates the conversion of nonheme iron into a form that is more readily absorbed by the body, thereby enhancing iron intake. In contrast, coffee (Choice C) contains certain compounds that can actually inhibit the absorption of iron, making it a less desirable choice when the goal is to increase iron absorption. Consequently, Choices A (Kiwi), B (Strawberries), and C (Coffee) were specifically picked to highlight the varying effects of different food items on nonheme iron absorption.

5. The RDA for iron is higher in premenopausal women than for men or postmenopausal women because of the blood loss during menstruation.

• A. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
• B. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
• C. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
• D. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 18 mg of iron per day for women 19 to 50 years old, 8 mg/day for women 51 years old and older, and men 19 years old and older. During menstruation, women lose blood containing iron, leading to a higher iron requirement in premenopausal women compared to men or postmenopausal women. This increased demand aims to replenish the iron lost during this physiological process. Therefore, the statement and reason are directly linked, explaining why the RDA for iron is higher in premenopausal women than in men or postmenopausal women. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately assess the relationship between the statement and the reason provided in the question.

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