Nursing Elites

1. What is a person's total genetic endowment?

• A. Phenotype
• B. Genotype
• C. Chromosomes
• D. DNA

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Genotype. A genotype refers to a person's total genetic endowment, representing the specific genetic makeup inherited from their parents. This includes all the genes and genetic information contained in an individual's DNA. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because: A) Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of genetics and the environment; C) Chromosomes are physical structures that contain genes, not the total genetic endowment itself; D) DNA carries genetic information but is just one component of an individual's total genetic endowment.

2. What does ethnography refer to?

• A. A detailed description of a single culture or context
• B. Corrupted by original sin
• C. The product of evolution
• D. A blank slate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Ethnography refers to a detailed description of a single culture or context. It involves the systematic study and recording of human cultures, including customs, behaviors, and social structures. Choice B, 'Corrupted by original sin,' is incorrect as it does not relate to ethnography. Choice C, 'The product of evolution,' is incorrect as it does not define ethnography. Choice D, 'A blank slate,' is incorrect as it does not describe the practice of ethnography.

3. The process of ________ is used to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.

• A. operant conditioning
• B. reinforcement
• C. classical conditioning
• D. punishment

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is reinforcement. Reinforcement involves providing a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Operant conditioning (Choice A) refers to learning through consequences for behavior, which includes reinforcement and punishment. Classical conditioning (Choice C) involves forming associations between stimuli and involuntary responses. Punishment (Choice D) involves providing a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. In this context, the question specifically asks about a process that increases the probability of a behavior occurring, aligning with the concept of reinforcement.

4. Neural plasticity is ________.

• A. the process by which neurotransmitters are broken down in the brain.
• B. the flexibility of the brain—existing neural circuits can change or new ones can be made.
• C. strong evidence of brain damage, leading to the development of a mental disorder.
• D. the best indicator of temperament and its effect on the personality development of a child.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Neural plasticity refers to the brain's flexibility to change existing neural circuits or create new ones. Choice A is incorrect as it describes neurotransmitter breakdown, not neural plasticity. Choice C is incorrect because neural plasticity does not necessarily indicate brain damage leading to mental disorders. Choice D is incorrect because neural plasticity is not specifically related to temperament or personality development in children.

5. The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus attention on?

• A. The role of the unconscious.
• B. Internal mental events.
• C. The interrelations among the mind, body, and behavior.
• D. The adaptive value of a behavior.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The cognitive perspective emphasizes understanding human behavior by focusing on internal mental events such as thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions. This helps in explaining how individuals process information, solve problems, and make decisions. Choice A, the role of the unconscious, is associated with psychoanalytic theory rather than the cognitive perspective. Choice C, the interrelations among the mind, body, and behavior, is more aligned with a holistic or biopsychosocial perspective. Choice D, the adaptive value of a behavior, is more related to evolutionary psychology rather than the cognitive perspective.

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