Nursing Elites

1. According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, the school-age child is in which stage?

• A. Industry vs. inferiority
• B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• C. Identity vs. role diffusion
• D. Trust vs. mistrust

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Industry vs. inferiority.' According to Erikson’s theory, school-age children (approximately 6-12 years old) are in the stage of industry vs. inferiority. In this stage, children focus on developing a sense of competence and productivity. Choice B, 'Autonomy vs. shame and doubt,' is incorrect as it refers to the stage that occurs during early childhood (1-3 years old). Choice C, 'Identity vs. role diffusion,' pertains to adolescence (12-18 years old). Choice D, 'Trust vs. mistrust,' is related to the stage of infancy (0-1 year old). Therefore, option A is the most appropriate stage for school-age children in Erikson's theory.

2. A parent asks the nurse what would be the first indication that acute glomerulonephritis was improving. What would be the nurse's best response?

• A. Blood pressure will stabilize.
• B. Your child will have more energy.
• C. Urine will be free of protein.
• D. Urine output will increase.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Increased urine output is often the first sign that acute glomerulonephritis is improving, as it indicates a reduction in fluid retention and better kidney function. Stabilization of blood pressure and other symptoms typically follow.

3. The mother of a 3-month-old breastfed infant asks about giving her baby water because it is summer and very warm. What should the nurse tell her?

• A. Fluids in addition to breast milk are not needed.
• B. Water should be given if the infant seems to nurse longer than usual.
• C. Clear juices are better than water to promote adequate fluid intake.
• D. Water once or twice a day will make up for losses resulting from environmental temperature.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Breast milk provides adequate hydration, even in warm weather, so additional fluids like water are not necessary and can interfere with breastfeeding.

4. The nurse has completed an education program on normal communication abilities in the preschool-age child. Which statement by a participant indicates a need for further education?

• A. When my child counts numbers, it is only to 10 and we are slowly working on counting higher.
• B. I am glad to know that my 4-year-old child asking so many questions is normal.
• C. Stating his name and address is too hard for my 5-year-old child; it will be another year before he can do that.
• D. My child is finally talking in a way that most of my friends can understand her speech.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. By age 5, children should be able to state their name and address. If a child cannot do this, it may indicate a developmental delay that requires further assessment. Choices A, B, and D do not indicate a need for further education as they reflect typical developmental milestones for preschool-age children, such as gradually improving counting skills, asking many questions, and improving speech clarity over time.

5. What approach is the most appropriate when performing a physical assessment on a toddler?

• A. Demonstrate the use of equipment
• B. Perform traumatic procedures last
• C. Use minimum physical contact initially
• D. Always proceed systematically in a head-to-toe direction

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The most appropriate approach when performing a physical assessment on a toddler is to use minimum physical contact initially. This helps gain the toddler's cooperation and reduces their distress. Performing traumatic procedures last is crucial as they are likely to upset the child and should be handled with care. Demonstrating the use of equipment may be complex for toddlers to understand, so it is not the most appropriate initial approach. Proceeding systematically in a head-to-toe direction is a good practice but using minimum physical contact initially is more important to establish trust and cooperation with the toddler.

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