Nursing Elites

1. A six-year-old child is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Which of these factors contribute to urinary tract infections in young children?

• A. Excessive intake of carbonated beverages.
• B. Insufficient water intake to flush the kidneys.
• C. Voiding pattern of 5-6 times a day.
• D. Infrequent voiding which results in urinary stasis.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Infrequent voiding can lead to urinary stasis, which increases the risk of urinary tract infections by allowing bacteria to multiply in the bladder. Encouraging regular voiding and proper hydration can help prevent UTIs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Excessive intake of carbonated beverages may irritate the bladder but is not a direct cause of UTIs. Insufficient water intake can concentrate urine but does not necessarily lead to infections. A voiding pattern of 5-6 times a day is within the normal range and is not associated with increased UTI risk.

2. The mother of a child with cognitive impairment calls the nurse because her son has been gagging and drooling all morning. The nurse suspects foreign body ingestion. What physiologic occurrence is most likely responsible for the presenting signs?

• A. Gastrointestinal perforation may have occurred.
• B. The object may have been aspirated.
• C. The object may be lodged in the esophagus.
• D. The object may be embedded in the stomach wall.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The symptoms of gagging and drooling suggest that the foreign object is likely lodged in the esophagus. This can cause significant discomfort and potential complications, requiring immediate medical evaluation.

3. What information does the nurse include when teaching parents about nonpharmacologic strategies for pain management in children?

• A. May reduce pain perception.
• B. Make pharmacologic strategies unnecessary.
• C. Usually take too long to implement.
• D. Trick children into believing they do not have pain.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'May reduce pain perception.' When teaching parents about nonpharmacologic strategies for pain management in children, the nurse should include information that these techniques may help reduce pain perception, make the pain more tolerable, decrease anxiety, and enhance the effectiveness of analgesics. It is important to note that nonpharmacologic techniques should be learned before the pain occurs, and it is beneficial to use both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures for pain control. Choice B is incorrect because nonpharmacologic strategies do not make pharmacologic strategies unnecessary but rather complement them. Choice C is incorrect as nonpharmacologic techniques, when properly learned and applied, do not usually take too long to implement. Choice D is incorrect as the goal of nonpharmacologic strategies is not to trick children into believing they do not have pain, but to help them cope with and manage their pain effectively.

4. An infant has been diagnosed with failure to thrive (FTT) classified according to the pathophysiology of defective utilization. The nurse understands that the reason for the FTT is most likely related to what?

• A. Cystic fibrosis
• B. Hyperthyroidism
• C. Congenital infection
• D. Breastfeeding problems

Correct answer: C

Rationale: FTT classified as defective utilization is often related to conditions like congenital infections, which interfere with the body's ability to effectively use nutrients. Conditions like cystic fibrosis and hyperthyroidism can also contribute to FTT but are categorized differently

5. The mother of a 3-month-old breastfed infant asks about giving her baby water because it is summer and very warm. What should the nurse tell her?

• A. Fluids in addition to breast milk are not needed.
• B. Water should be given if the infant seems to nurse longer than usual.
• C. Clear juices are better than water to promote adequate fluid intake.
• D. Water once or twice a day will make up for losses resulting from environmental temperature.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Breast milk provides adequate hydration, even in warm weather, so additional fluids like water are not necessary and can interfere with breastfeeding.

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