Nursing Elites

1. A nurse is providing teaching to a group of parents of newborns who are planning to formula feed. Which of the following statements by a parent indicates a need for further teaching?

• A. "I will give formula to my baby at room temperature."
• B. "I will ensure my baby's feeds last 10 to 15 minutes."
• C. "I will burp my baby halfway through each feeding."
• D. "I will watch for signs my baby is full and stop the feeding."

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is, "I will ensure my baby's feeds last 10 to 15 minutes." This statement indicates a need for further teaching because it suggests a strict time limit for feedings, which may not be appropriate for a newborn. Newborns should be allowed to feed as long as they want, typically around 20-30 minutes per breast if breastfeeding, or on-demand with formula. Choices A, C, and D demonstrate proper feeding practices such as feeding at room temperature, burping halfway through each feeding, and watching for signs of fullness to stop the feeding, which are all appropriate responses by a parent of a formula-fed newborn.

2. How is the equalization of solute concentration of intracellular fluids (ICFs) and extracellular fluids (ECFs accomplished?

• A. Semipermeable membranes.
• B. Hydration.
• C. Osmotic pressure.
• D. Perspiration.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure within the body equalizes the solute concentration of ICFs and ECFs by shifting small amounts of water in the direction of higher concentration solute. Semipermeable membranes separate one fluid compartment from another and do not directly equalize solute concentrations. Hydration and perspiration are important elements of fluid balance but do not directly achieve the equalization of solute concentrations between ICFs and ECFs, which is primarily regulated by osmotic pressure.

3. of the following serves as the strongest for its enforcement? (a) Advances made in Science and Technology have provided the climate for specialization in almost all aspects of human endeavor; and (b) As necessary consequence, there has emerged a new concept known as globalization which seeks to remove barriers in trade, industry and services imposed by the national laws of countries all over the world; and (c) Awareness of this development should impel the nursing sector to prepare our people in the services sector to meet the above challenge; and (d) Current trends of specialization in nursing practice recognized by the International Council of Nurses (ICN) of which the Philippines is a member for the benefit of the Filipino in terms of deepening and refining nursing practice and enhancing the quality of nursing care.

• A. b & c are strong justifications
• B. a & b are strong justifications
• C. a & c are strong justifications
• D. a & d are strong justifications

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Patient safety and efficacy of care depend on actions rooted in established nursing protocols that consider both the immediate and long-term needs of the patient.

4. How is an ear infection that persists for less than 14 days classified?

• A. Mastoiditis
• B. Chronic Ear Infection
• C. Acute Ear Infection
• D. Otitis Media

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Acute Ear Infection is the correct answer because it typically refers to an infection that is short-lived and often severe, typically lasting less than 14 days. Chronic Ear Infection (Choice B) is incorrect as it refers to an ear infection that lasts for a long time or recurs often, typically more than three months. Mastoiditis (Choice A) is a complication of a middle ear infection and not an ear infection itself. Otitis Media (Choice D) is a general term for inflammation or infection in the middle ear, which can be either acute or chronic, so it's not specific enough to be the correct answer. Understanding the duration and severity of symptoms can help in identifying the type of ear infection, facilitating appropriate treatment and prevention of complications.

5. Why is atherosclerosis dangerous to arterial function?

• A. It diminishes central circulation
• B. It causes decreased blood pressure on artery walls
• C. It narrows the arterial lumen so a clot can easily block it
• D. It increases arterial elasticity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Atherosclerosis is dangerous to arterial function because it narrows the arterial lumen, increasing the risk of a clot completely blocking the blood flow. This can lead to severe cardiovascular events such as heart attacks or strokes. Choice A is incorrect since atherosclerosis does not primarily diminish central circulation, but rather, it impedes local blood flow where the plaque is present. Choice B is also incorrect as atherosclerosis increases the pressure on artery walls due to the narrowed space for blood flow, not decrease it. Lastly, choice D is incorrect as atherosclerosis causes the arteries to lose their elasticity, not increase it.

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