Nursing Elites

1. A nurse is planning a community education program about colorectal cancer. What risk factors should the nurse identify as modifiable?

• A. Age and gender
• B. High-fat diet, smoking, alcohol consumption
• C. Ethnicity and race
• D. Exposure to radiation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: High-fat diet, smoking, alcohol consumption. These are modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer as individuals can make lifestyle changes to reduce their risk. Age and gender (choice A) are non-modifiable risk factors. Ethnicity and race (choice C) can influence the risk of colorectal cancer but are not modifiable factors. Exposure to radiation (choice D) is not a common modifiable risk factor for colorectal cancer.

2. A client with diabetes mellitus is being taught about foot care by a nurse. Which instruction should the nurse include?

• A. Cut toenails straight across
• B. Wear shoes at all times
• C. Apply lotion between the toes
• D. Soak feet in hot water daily

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is to 'Wear shoes at all times.' This instruction is crucial for preventing foot injuries in clients with diabetes mellitus. Wearing shoes protects the feet from potential injuries and reduces the risk of developing foot ulcers. Cutting toenails straight across (not in a rounded shape) helps prevent ingrown toenails. Applying lotion between the toes can create a moist environment, increasing the risk of fungal infections. Soaking feet in hot water daily can lead to dry skin and potentially cause burns, which is not recommended for individuals with diabetes.

3. A nurse is caring for a client who has an indwelling urinary catheter. What should the nurse identify as a sign of catheter occlusion?

• A. Bladder spasms
• B. Bladder distention
• C. Frequent urination
• D. Hematuria

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bladder distention. Bladder distention is a sign of catheter occlusion because it indicates a failure to drain urine properly. Bladder spasms (Choice A) are more commonly associated with bladder irritability rather than catheter occlusion. Frequent urination (Choice C) is unlikely in a client with an indwelling catheter as the urine should be draining continuously. Hematuria (Choice D) refers to blood in the urine and is not typically a direct sign of catheter occlusion.

4. A client with diabetes mellitus has a foot ulcer. What is an appropriate intervention to promote wound healing?

• A. Encourage a high-protein diet
• B. Apply a moisture-retentive dressing
• C. Provide daily wound irrigation
• D. Apply an ice pack to the wound

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is to apply a moisture-retentive dressing. This promotes a moist wound environment, which is crucial for wound healing in clients with diabetes. Encouraging a high-protein diet may support overall health but is not directly related to wound healing. Daily wound irrigation can disrupt the wound healing process by removing necessary growth factors and cells. Applying an ice pack to the wound is contraindicated as it can impair circulation and delay wound healing.

5. A nurse is preparing to administer a medication through a nasogastric (NG) tube. What action should the nurse take first?

• A. Flush the NG tube with 60 mL of water
• B. Verify tube placement
• C. Crush the medications and dissolve them in water
• D. Administer all medications together

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Verifying tube placement is the priority before administering any medications through a nasogastric tube. This step ensures that the tube is correctly positioned in the stomach to prevent complications such as aspiration. Flushing the tube with water, crushing medications, or administering them together should only be done after confirming the correct placement of the NG tube. Therefore, option B is the correct first action to take in this scenario.

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