Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following hormones is responsible for regulating metabolism?

• A. Insulin
• B. Thyroxine
• C. Glucagon
• D. Cortisol

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Thyroxine, produced by the thyroid gland, is the hormone responsible for regulating metabolism. It plays a fundamental role in controlling the body's metabolic rate, affecting processes such as energy production and utilization. Thyroxine also influences growth and development in the body. Choice A, Insulin, is involved in regulating blood sugar levels and promoting the storage of glucose. While insulin has an impact on metabolism, it is not primarily responsible for regulating overall metabolic rate. Choice C, Glucagon, acts in opposition to insulin, stimulating the release of glucose from the liver to increase blood sugar levels. Glucagon primarily targets glucose regulation rather than overall metabolism. Choice D, Cortisol, is known as the stress hormone and plays a role in the body's response to stress, regulation of blood pressure, immune function, and anti-inflammatory actions. While cortisol can have some effects on metabolism during stress responses, it is not the primary hormone responsible for regulating overall metabolic rate.

2. What is the primary function of platelets?

• A. To fight infections
• B. To clot blood
• C. To carry oxygen
• D. To transport nutrients

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The primary function of platelets, or thrombocytes, is to clot blood. Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis by forming clots to prevent excessive bleeding when injuries occur. They are not directly involved in fighting infections, carrying oxygen, or transporting nutrients. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

3. Which of the following epithelial types is correctly matched with its major function?

• A. Simple squamous epithelium – diffusion
• B. Stratified squamous epithelium – protection
• C. Stratified squamous epithelium – diffusion
• D. Simple columnar epithelium – secretion or absorption

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Simple columnar epithelium is indeed primarily responsible for secretion and absorption due to its tall shape and presence of microvilli, which increase surface area for these functions. Simple squamous epithelium is mainly involved in diffusion, allowing for the exchange of gases or nutrients. Stratified squamous epithelium functions more for protection against mechanical stress and pathogens, as it forms a tough, protective barrier due to its many layers.

4. Where do nearly all of the gaseous exchanges between air and blood take place in the lungs?

• A. Pleura
• B. Trachea
• C. Bronchioles
• D. Alveoli

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Nearly all gaseous exchanges between air and blood take place in the alveoli of the lungs. The walls of the alveoli are thin and surrounded by an extensive network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Oxygen from the air diffuses through the alveoli walls and into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled out of the body. This process is essential for respiration and providing oxygen to the body's cells. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Pleura is the membrane surrounding the lungs, trachea is the windpipe that carries air to the lungs, and bronchioles are the smaller air passages in the lungs. However, the primary site for gaseous exchange is the alveoli due to their structure and function.

5. Which of the following are considered normal values for the measure of a person’s pulse and blood pressure?

• A. 55 beats per minute and 75 over 60 mm Hg
• B. 72 beats per minute and 120 over 80 mm Hg
• C. 100 beats per minute and 140 over 100 mm Hg
• D. 160 beats per minute and 100 over 70 mm Hg

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Normal values for pulse rate typically range between 60 to 100 beats per minute, while normal blood pressure values are usually around 120/80 mm Hg. Option B falls within these normal ranges for both pulse rate and blood pressure, making it the correct choice. Choices A, C, and D have either pulse rate, blood pressure, or both values outside the normal ranges, making them incorrect.

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