HESI A2
Quizlet HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology
1. What is the primary role of the stomach in the digestive system?
- A. To absorb nutrients
- B. To break down food
- C. To secrete digestive enzymes
- D. To store glucose
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The primary role of the stomach in the digestive system is to break down food. It accomplishes this through the action of gastric acid and digestive enzymes, which work together to break down food into a semi-liquid mixture known as chyme. Option B, 'To break down food,' is the correct answer. Option A, 'To absorb nutrients,' is incorrect because absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine. Option C, 'To secrete digestive enzymes,' is partially correct as the stomach does secrete digestive enzymes, but its primary function is to break down food. Option D, 'To store glucose,' is incorrect as glucose storage primarily occurs in the liver and muscles, not the stomach.
2. What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
- A. Protecting the body from external damage
- B. Regulating body temperature
- C. Producing vitamin D
- D. Producing red blood cells
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Protecting the body from external damage. The primary function of the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, and nails, is to act as a physical barrier that protects the body from external damage such as pathogens, UV radiation, and mechanical injuries. While the integumentary system does play roles in regulating body temperature and producing vitamin D, its main and most crucial function is to provide a protective shield for the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because although the integumentary system contributes to regulating body temperature and producing vitamin D, as well as housing cells involved in the immune response, its primary role is protection.
3. Which gland produces the hormone melatonin?
- A. Pineal gland
- B. Thyroid gland
- C. Pituitary gland
- D. Adrenal gland
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is the Pineal gland. The pineal gland is responsible for producing melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin secretion is influenced by light exposure. Higher levels are observed at night to promote sleep, while lower levels during the day encourage wakefulness. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are not associated with the production of melatonin. The thyroid gland produces hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine, the pituitary gland controls various other glands, and the adrenal gland produces hormones like adrenaline and cortisol.
4. What is the primary function of the digestive system?
- A. To transport oxygen
- B. To break down food and absorb nutrients
- C. To produce hormones
- D. To transport blood
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The primary function of the digestive system is to break down food into smaller molecules and absorb nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. These nutrients are then utilized by the body for energy, growth, and repair. The digestive system plays a crucial role in the process of extracting essential components from food and distributing them to the body's cells through the bloodstream. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because transporting oxygen, producing hormones, and transporting blood are functions associated with other body systems like the respiratory system, endocrine system, and circulatory system, respectively, not the digestive system.
5. Which structure in the eye is responsible for focusing light on the retina?
- A. Cornea
- B. Lens
- C. Retina
- D. Pupil
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The lens of the eye is responsible for focusing light onto the retina. It plays a crucial role in bending light rays to ensure that they converge on the retina, enabling clear vision. The cornea helps in focusing light, but the final adjustment and fine-tuning occur through the lens. The retina receives the focused light and converts it into neural signals for the brain to interpret. The pupil, on the other hand, controls the amount of light entering the eye by dilating or constricting.
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