HESI A2
Anatomy HESI A2
1. How might vitamin D deficiency present?
- A. As bleeding gums
- B. As swollen extremities
- C. As red patches
- D. As crooked bones
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Vitamin D deficiency can present as crooked bones in children due to a condition called rickets. This is because vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. Inadequate levels of vitamin D can lead to soft and weak bones, resulting in skeletal deformities such as bow legs or knock knees. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as bleeding gums are more commonly associated with vitamin C deficiency (scurvy), swollen extremities could be a sign of various conditions like edema, and red patches are not typically a direct manifestation of vitamin D deficiency.
2. What structure links the nasopharynx to the middle ear?
- A. Larynx
- B. Pharyngeal muscles
- C. Eustachian tube
- D. Bronchus
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The Eustachian tube is the structure that connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It functions to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere, protecting the eardrum from damage and aiding in the drainage of fluid from the middle ear. This connection is essential for maintaining proper ear function and health. The larynx (Choice A) is not the correct structure that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. Pharyngeal muscles (Choice B) are involved in swallowing and do not directly link the nasopharynx to the middle ear. The bronchus (Choice D) is part of the respiratory system and is not connected to the middle ear.
3. Which of the following processes represents a different level of defense compared to the others?
- A. A low pH in the stomach
- B. Cilia present in the trachea
- C. Body cells recognizing a pathogen
- D. Mucus present in the nasal cavity
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Among the listed processes, low pH in the stomach, cilia in the trachea, and mucus in the nasal cavity serve as physical barriers that form the first line of defense against pathogens. These barriers work to block pathogens from entering the body. On the other hand, body cells recognizing a pathogen involves the immune response, which operates at a different level of defense. This process is part of the adaptive immune response, where the body's immune cells identify, target, and eliminate specific pathogens to provide a specialized defense after the pathogens have breached the physical barriers. Therefore, body cells recognizing a pathogen represent a different level of defense compared to the other listed processes.
4. How does the lymphatic system work with the circulatory system?
- A. The circulatory system produces red blood cells for the lymphatic system.
- B. Lymph draws excess fluid from the cells and deposits it into the blood vessels.
- C. The heart regulates the production of lymph in the lymph glands.
- D. White cells from the lymphatic system eliminate excess red blood cells.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The lymphatic system works with the circulatory system by draining excess fluid and waste products from the spaces between cells, known as interstitial fluid. This excess fluid, now called lymph, is then transported back into the blood circulation through lymphatic vessels. This process helps maintain fluid balance in the body and supports the circulatory system in regulating blood volume and pressure. Choice A is incorrect because the circulatory system does not produce red blood cells for the lymphatic system. Choice C is incorrect as the heart does not regulate lymph production in lymph glands. Choice D is incorrect as white cells from the lymphatic system do not eliminate excess red blood cells. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as lymph draws excess fluid from the cells and deposits it into the blood vessels, aiding in maintaining proper fluid balance and supporting the circulatory system.
5. How does a sagittal section divide the body?
- A. Into right and left regions
- B. Into upper and lower regions
- C. Into front and back regions
- D. Between the dorsal and ventral cavities
Correct answer: A
Rationale: A sagittal section divides the body into right and left regions. This type of section runs longitudinally from front to back, separating the body into right and left halves. Sagittal sections are crucial for understanding the anatomical structure and orientation of various body parts. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because a sagittal section specifically divides the body into right and left portions, not upper and lower regions, front and back regions, or between the dorsal and ventral cavities.
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