HESI A2
Anatomy HESI A2
1. Which hormone stimulates milk production in the breasts during lactation?
- A. norepinephrine
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. prolactin
- D. oxytocin
Correct answer: C
Rationale: During lactation, the hormone responsible for stimulating milk production in the breasts is 'prolactin.' Prolactin plays a crucial role in initiating and maintaining lactation by promoting the development of alveoli in the mammary glands and stimulating milk synthesis. While oxytocin is involved in the ejection of milk from the breasts, it is prolactin that primarily governs milk production. Norepinephrine is not directly involved in milk production, and antidiuretic hormone primarily regulates water balance and blood pressure, not milk production.
2. Which feature of the ear is most medial?
- A. Pinna
- B. Tympanic membrane
- C. Cochlea
- D. Outer canal
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is the most medial feature in the ear. It separates the outer ear from the middle ear and serves as a barrier that vibrates in response to sound waves, transmitting vibrations to the middle ear ossicles. The pinna, cochlea, and outer canal are located more laterally in the ear anatomy. The pinna is the visible part of the ear located on the lateral side of the head, the cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear responsible for hearing, and the outer canal refers to the external auditory canal leading to the eardrum.
3. How does the nervous system work with the muscular system?
- A. The muscles of the body produce chemicals that feed the nerves.
- B. The nervous system tells the muscles how to respond to the environment.
- C. The nervous system releases chemicals that remove excess waste from the muscles.
- D. The muscular system provides input that allows the nerves to make decisions.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the nervous system communicates with the muscular system to control voluntary and involuntary muscle movements. The nervous system sends signals to the muscles, instructing them on how to respond to various stimuli in the environment. This communication allows for coordinated movement and responses to external and internal changes. Choice A is incorrect because muscles do not produce chemicals to feed the nerves. Choice C is incorrect because the nervous system does not release chemicals to remove waste from the muscles. Choice D is incorrect because the muscular system does not provide input for the nerves to make decisions.
4. Which mineral supports the function of the thyroid?
- A. Manganese
- B. Iodine
- C. Phosphorus
- D. Zinc
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Iodine is the mineral that supports the function of the thyroid. The thyroid gland requires iodine to produce thyroid hormones, which are essential for regulating metabolism and other important bodily functions. A deficiency in iodine can lead to thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism or goiter. Manganese (Choice A), Phosphorus (Choice C), and Zinc (Choice D) do not play a direct role in supporting the thyroid function like iodine does. While these minerals are important for various bodily functions, they are not specifically required for the thyroid gland's hormone production.
5. Which of the following processes represents a different level of defense compared to the others?
- A. A low pH in the stomach
- B. Cilia present in the trachea
- C. Body cells recognizing a pathogen
- D. Mucus present in the nasal cavity
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Among the listed processes, low pH in the stomach, cilia in the trachea, and mucus in the nasal cavity serve as physical barriers that form the first line of defense against pathogens. These barriers work to block pathogens from entering the body. On the other hand, body cells recognizing a pathogen involves the immune response, which operates at a different level of defense. This process is part of the adaptive immune response, where the body's immune cells identify, target, and eliminate specific pathogens to provide a specialized defense after the pathogens have breached the physical barriers. Therefore, body cells recognizing a pathogen represent a different level of defense compared to the other listed processes.
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