HESI A2
Anatomy HESI A2
1. Which hormone stimulates milk production in the breasts during lactation?
- A. norepinephrine
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. prolactin
- D. oxytocin
Correct answer: C
Rationale: During lactation, the hormone responsible for stimulating milk production in the breasts is 'prolactin.' Prolactin plays a crucial role in initiating and maintaining lactation by promoting the development of alveoli in the mammary glands and stimulating milk synthesis. While oxytocin is involved in the ejection of milk from the breasts, it is prolactin that primarily governs milk production. Norepinephrine is not directly involved in milk production, and antidiuretic hormone primarily regulates water balance and blood pressure, not milk production.
2. Which parts of the heart are separated by the mitral valve?
- A. Left atrium and right atrium
- B. Right atrium and right ventricle
- C. Left ventricle and right ventricle
- D. Left atrium and left ventricle
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, separates the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. Its primary function is to prevent the backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during the heart's contraction. Therefore, option D, 'Left atrium and left ventricle,' is the correct answer. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not represent the parts separated by the mitral valve.
3. Which is an anterior muscle of the thigh?
- A. Gluteus maximus
- B. Quadriceps femoris
- C. Biceps femoris
- D. Adductor magnus
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Quadriceps femoris. The quadriceps femoris is an anterior muscle located on the front of the thigh. It is composed of four muscles: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius. These muscles play a crucial role in extending the knee and are essential for activities like walking, running, and jumping. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they are not anterior muscles of the thigh. Gluteus maximus is a muscle located in the buttocks, biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior thigh, and adductor magnus is a muscle of the medial thigh.
4. What is a common finding in a whiplash injury?
- A. Cardiopulmonary issues
- B. Side-to-side spinal curvature
- C. Eventual herniation of discs
- D. Traumatic injury to ligaments
Correct answer: D
Rationale: A common finding in a whiplash injury is a traumatic injury to ligaments. Whiplash occurs due to sudden hyperextension and hyperflexion of the neck, leading to strain or tearing of ligaments in the neck. This can manifest as neck pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. While other complications like cardiopulmonary problems, side-to-side spinal curvature, or eventual herniation of discs are not typically associated with whiplash injuries.
5. How is pepsin utilized by the body?
- A. To break down proteins
- B. To break down starches
- C. To emulsify fats and oils
- D. To absorb water and nutrients
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach that is essential for breaking down proteins during digestion. It functions by breaking down large protein molecules into smaller peptides, which are further broken down into amino acids for absorption in the intestines. Therefore, option A, 'To break down proteins,' is the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the specific function of pepsin in the body.
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