HESI A2
Anatomy HESI A2
1. What structure links the nasopharynx to the middle ear?
- A. Larynx
- B. Pharyngeal muscles
- C. Eustachian tube
- D. Bronchus
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The Eustachian tube is the structure that connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It functions to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere, protecting the eardrum from damage and aiding in the drainage of fluid from the middle ear. This connection is essential for maintaining proper ear function and health. The larynx (Choice A) is not the correct structure that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. Pharyngeal muscles (Choice B) are involved in swallowing and do not directly link the nasopharynx to the middle ear. The bronchus (Choice D) is part of the respiratory system and is not connected to the middle ear.
2. Where is a herniated lumbar disc most likely to cause pain?
- A. Along the radial nerve
- B. Within the spinal cord
- C. Along the sciatic nerve
- D. Along the tibial nerve
Correct answer: C
Rationale: A herniated lumbar disc is most likely to cause pain along the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve is a long nerve that extends from the lower back down the back of each leg. Compression of the sciatic nerve by a herniated disc can lead to symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness that radiates down the leg. This condition is commonly referred to as sciatica. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because a herniated lumbar disc typically affects the sciatic nerve, not the radial nerve, spinal cord, or tibial nerve.
3. Which of the following epithelial types is correctly matched with its major function?
- A. Simple squamous epithelium – diffusion
- B. Stratified squamous epithelium – protection
- C. Stratified squamous epithelium – diffusion
- D. Simple columnar epithelium – secretion or absorption
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Simple columnar epithelium is indeed primarily responsible for secretion and absorption due to its tall shape and presence of microvilli, which increase surface area for these functions. Simple squamous epithelium is mainly involved in diffusion, allowing for the exchange of gases or nutrients. Stratified squamous epithelium functions more for protection against mechanical stress and pathogens, as it forms a tough, protective barrier due to its many layers.
4. Which hormone stimulates milk production in the breasts during lactation?
- A. norepinephrine
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. prolactin
- D. oxytocin
Correct answer: C
Rationale: During lactation, the hormone responsible for stimulating milk production in the breasts is 'prolactin.' Prolactin plays a crucial role in initiating and maintaining lactation by promoting the development of alveoli in the mammary glands and stimulating milk synthesis. While oxytocin is involved in the ejection of milk from the breasts, it is prolactin that primarily governs milk production. Norepinephrine is not directly involved in milk production, and antidiuretic hormone primarily regulates water balance and blood pressure, not milk production.
5. What is a common finding in a whiplash injury?
- A. Cardiopulmonary issues
- B. Side-to-side spinal curvature
- C. Eventual herniation of discs
- D. Traumatic injury to ligaments
Correct answer: D
Rationale: A common finding in a whiplash injury is a traumatic injury to ligaments. Whiplash occurs due to sudden hyperextension and hyperflexion of the neck, leading to strain or tearing of ligaments in the neck. This can manifest as neck pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. While other complications like cardiopulmonary problems, side-to-side spinal curvature, or eventual herniation of discs are not typically associated with whiplash injuries.
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