how might vitamin d deficiency present

HESI A2

Anatomy HESI A2

1. How might vitamin D deficiency present?

A. As bleeding gums
B. As swollen extremities
C. As red patches
D. As crooked bones

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Vitamin D deficiency can present as crooked bones in children due to a condition called rickets. This is because vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. Inadequate levels of vitamin D can lead to soft and weak bones, resulting in skeletal deformities such as bow legs or knock knees. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as bleeding gums are more commonly associated with vitamin C deficiency (scurvy), swollen extremities could be a sign of various conditions like edema, and red patches are not typically a direct manifestation of vitamin D deficiency.

2. Which gland is known as the 'master gland' of the body?

A. Thyroid gland
B. Adrenal gland
C. Pituitary gland
D. Pineal gland

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The pituitary gland, often referred to as the 'master gland,' controls the release of hormones from other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes various hormones that regulate many bodily functions, making it a central and vital component of the endocrine system. The thyroid gland (Choice A) regulates metabolism, the adrenal gland (Choice B) produces hormones like adrenaline, and the pineal gland (Choice D) secretes melatonin, but none of these glands are considered the 'master gland' that controls the functions of other endocrine glands.

3. Where will a person who has damage to their ulnar nerve experience decreased sensation?

A. Leg
B. Arm
C. Face
D. Abdomen

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The ulnar nerve innervates the forearm and hand, specifically providing sensation to the ring and little fingers. Damage to this nerve can lead to decreased sensation in these areas, making the arm the correct answer. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the ulnar nerve does not supply sensation to the leg, face, or abdomen.

4. Which type of joint is found in the hip?

A. Hinge joint
B. Ball and socket joint
C. Pivot joint
D. Saddle joint

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ball and socket joint. The hip joint is classified as a ball and socket joint, allowing for a wide range of movement in multiple directions, including rotation. This joint structure provides stability and mobility, making it ideal for the hip's functions in bearing weight and facilitating various movements. Choice A, Hinge joint, is incorrect as hinge joints allow movement in only one plane, like the elbow or knee. Choice C, Pivot joint, is incorrect as pivot joints allow rotation around a single axis, like the joint between the first and second vertebrae. Choice D, Saddle joint, is incorrect as saddle joints are found in the thumb and allow movement in two planes, but they do not describe the hip joint.

5. Which organelle is responsible for energy production in the cell?

A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosomes
D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for energy production in the cell. They generate energy through cellular respiration, producing ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. Known as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria play a vital role in meeting the energy demands of various cellular processes. The nucleus is responsible for storing genetic material, not energy production. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, not energy production. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid synthesis, as well as detoxification, but it is not primarily responsible for energy production.