Nursing Elites

1. What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

• A. To secrete bile
• B. To secrete digestive enzymes
• C. To absorb nutrients
• D. To transport waste

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To secrete digestive enzymes.' The pancreas plays a crucial role in digestion by secreting digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. This process aids in the breakdown of food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the small intestine. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the pancreas is not responsible for secreting bile (liver and gallbladder function), absorbing nutrients (small intestine function), or transporting waste (colon function) in the digestive system.

2. What causes stretch marks?

• A. The epidermis layer becomes inflamed
• B. The dermis layer becomes inflamed
• C. The dermis layer tears due to rapid stretching
• D. Sebaceous glands become clogged

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Stretch marks occur when the dermis layer tears due to rapid stretching of the skin. This tearing leads to the appearance of stretch marks, which are often red or purple at first and then fade to a silvery-white color over time. Inflammation of the dermis or clogging of sebaceous glands are not directly related to the formation of stretch marks. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not describe the actual cause of stretch marks.

3. Which cells myelinate neurons in the PNS?

• A. Oligodendrocytes
• B. Astrocytes
• C. Schwann cells
• D. Microglia

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Schwann cells are the glial cells responsible for myelinating neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They form the myelin sheath around axons, which helps in the conduction of electrical impulses. Oligodendrocytes, on the other hand, myelinate neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes primarily provide support for neuronal function by regulating the chemical environment around neurons and maintaining the blood-brain barrier. Microglia are part of the immune response in the CNS, where they act as the resident macrophages, playing a role in immune surveillance and response to injury or disease. Therefore, the correct answer is Schwann cells (Choice C) as they specifically myelinate neurons in the PNS, differentiating them from the other cell types mentioned in the choices.

4. What is the term for the tiny particles that make up atoms?

• A. Protons
• B. Electrons
• C. Neutrons
• D. Subatomic particles

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Subatomic particles.' Subatomic particles are the tiny components that constitute atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom, while electrons revolve around the nucleus. Choices A, B, and C specifically refer to individual subatomic particles but do not encompass the complete range of particles within an atom.

5. Memory B cells and memory T cells are crucial for immunological memory. How does immunological memory enhance the immune response upon re-exposure to a pathogen?

• A. It increases the production of the same ineffective antibodies.
• B. It allows for a quicker and more robust immune response.
• C. It suppresses the immune system to prevent overreaction.
• D. It triggers a completely different immune response.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Immunological memory enhances the immune response upon re-exposure to a pathogen by allowing for a quicker and more robust immune response. Memory B cells and memory T cells are primed to recognize the pathogen quickly and mount a faster and more effective response, leading to a more efficient clearance of the pathogen. Choice A is incorrect because immunological memory does not increase the production of ineffective antibodies but rather promotes the production of specific antibodies that are effective against the pathogen. Choice C is incorrect as immunological memory does not suppress the immune system; instead, it enhances the response. Choice D is incorrect because immunological memory leads to a recall of the specific immune response mounted during the initial exposure, not a completely different response.

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