what is the role of the kidneys in the urinary system
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Nursing Elites

HESI A2

HESI A2 Practice Test Anatomy and Physiology

1. What is the function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'To filter blood and remove waste.' The kidneys play a crucial role in the urinary system by filtering blood to remove waste products and excess fluids, which are then excreted as urine. This process helps maintain the body's internal balance by regulating electrolyte levels and controlling blood pressure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the kidneys do not produce red blood cells (bone marrow does), regulate blood pressure directly (although they indirectly influence it through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system), or absorb water (they regulate water balance but do not absorb water).

2. To which system do the ovaries belong?

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: reproductive system. The ovaries are essential organs of the female reproductive system. They play a vital role in producing eggs and secreting hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The skeletal system (choice A) consists of bones and tissues that support the body, the nervous system (choice B) controls body functions and responses, and the lymphatic system (choice C) helps the body fight off infections. Therefore, the ovaries belong to the reproductive system.

3. What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: "To transport oxygen and nutrients." The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells throughout the body and remove waste products. This system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by delivering essential substances to tissues and organs while eliminating metabolic waste. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because although the cardiovascular system indirectly helps in removing waste products through circulation, its primary function is focused on transporting essential substances and not on regulating body temperature or fighting infections.

4. Which organ is involved in the immune system?

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the Appendix. The appendix is now known to play a role in the immune system by housing beneficial bacteria that aid in maintaining gut health and supporting immune responses. This organ contributes to overall immune function. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as the heart, bronchi, and esophagus are not primarily associated with the immune system.

5. Which part of the brain is involved in the regulation of heart rate and breathing?

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata, situated in the brainstem, plays a crucial role in regulating vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It serves as the control center for involuntary actions, ensuring the body's automatic functions work properly. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the cerebrum is primarily responsible for functions such as thinking, voluntary movements, and sensory processing; the cerebellum is involved in coordination, balance, and muscle control; and the hypothalamus regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, and some aspects of the autonomic nervous system but not specifically heart rate and breathing.

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