Nursing Elites

1. The phases of mitosis include:

• A. Prophase, interphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
• B. Prophase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and cytokinesis
• C. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
• D. Prophase, interphase, prophase, anaphase, and telophase

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct phases of mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase is the first phase where chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle forms. Prometaphase follows prophase, involving the full disintegration of the nuclear envelope and the attachment of spindle fibers to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. Metaphase is where chromosomes align along the metaphase plate. Anaphase is the phase where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles. Telophase marks the final stage of mitosis, involving the decondensation of chromosomes and the reformation of the nuclear envelope. Choice A is incorrect because it includes interphase, which is not a phase of mitosis. Choice B is incorrect as it repeats prophase, which is the initial phase. Choice D is incorrect because it includes interphase and repeats prophase.

2. What is the term for the breakdown of glycogen into glucose subunits?

• A. Hydrolysis
• B. Reduction
• C. Metabolism
• D. Transpiration

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Hydrolysis is the term used to describe the breakdown of large molecules into smaller units by adding water. In the case of glycogen being broken down into glucose subunits, this process involves the addition of water molecules to break the glycosidic bonds between glucose molecules, resulting in the release of individual glucose subunits. This process is crucial for providing cells with a source of energy when needed. Choice B, Reduction, refers to a chemical reaction involving a gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state, not the breakdown of glycogen into glucose subunits. Choice C, Metabolism, is a broad term encompassing all biochemical processes in an organism, including anabolism and catabolism, but does not specifically describe the breakdown of glycogen into glucose subunits. Choice D, Transpiration, is the process of water movement through a plant and is not related to the breakdown of glycogen into glucose subunits.

3. Which of the following is always true about molecules?

• A. They cannot travel through all cell membranes
• B. They move from low concentration to high concentration without using energy
• C. They move from high concentration to low concentration without using energy
• D. They cannot move

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The statement that molecules move from high concentration to low concentration without using energy is always true due to the natural process of diffusion. This movement occurs to reach equilibrium and does not require any additional energy input directly from the molecule itself. Choice A is incorrect because not all molecules can travel through all cell membranes. Choice B is incorrect as molecules typically move from high concentration to low concentration in a process known as passive transport. Choice D is incorrect as molecules are in constant motion due to factors like temperature and kinetic energy.

4. Select the cell parts that are present in plant cells but not animal cells (there may be more than one answer):

• A. Cell membrane
• B. Cell wall
• C. Ribosome
• D. Chloroplast

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Plant cells have a cell wall (B) which provides structural support and protection for the cell, a feature that is not present in animal cells. The cell membrane (A) is found in both plant and animal cells. Ribosomes (C) are present in both types of cells and are responsible for protein synthesis. Chloroplasts (D) are unique to plant cells and are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis. Therefore, the correct answers are B and D because the cell wall and chloroplast are specific to plant cells, while the cell membrane and ribosomes are found in both plant and animal cells.

5. Where is the genetic information of a eukaryotic cell stored?

• A. Mitochondria
• B. Nucleus
• C. Golgi Apparatus
• D. Cytoplasm

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nucleus. In eukaryotic cells, genetic information (DNA) is stored in the nucleus. This organelle acts as the control center of the cell, housing the DNA and regulating gene expression. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the genetic information is not stored in the mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, or cytoplasm. The mitochondria are responsible for energy production, the Golgi Apparatus is involved in protein processing and packaging, and the cytoplasm is where various cellular activities take place, but none of these organelles store the genetic information.

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