Nursing Elites

1. Huntington’s disease is carried on the dominant allele. In a situation where two heterozygous parents have the disease, what percentage of their offspring are predicted to be disease-free?

• A. 0%
• B. 25%
• C. 50%
• D. 100%

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, both parents are heterozygous for Huntington's disease, meaning each carries one dominant allele (representing the disease) and one recessive allele (representing no disease). When they have offspring, there is a 25% chance that each child will inherit two recessive alleles, making them disease-free. The Punnett square for two heterozygous parents (Hh x Hh) yields a 25% probability of offspring being homozygous recessive (hh) and therefore disease-free. Choice A (0%) is incorrect because there is a possibility of disease-free offspring. Choice C (50%) is incorrect as it represents the likelihood of being a carrier. Choice D (100%) is incorrect as all offspring will not be disease-free in this scenario.

2. Which cell organelle functions to transport materials from the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell?

• A. Ribosome
• B. Golgi apparatus
• C. Lysosome
• D. Vacuole

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The Golgi apparatus is the correct answer because it functions to transport materials from the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, not transportation of materials. Lysosomes contain enzymes for digestion and waste removal, not for transporting materials. Vacuoles are primarily involved in storage, waste disposal, and maintaining turgor pressure, not in transporting materials from the endoplasmic reticulum.

3. What cycle is the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during aerobic respiration?

• A. Calvin Cycle
• B. Krebs Cycle
• C. Photosynthesis
• D. Fermentation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The Krebs Cycle is the correct answer. It is a series of reactions occurring in the mitochondria and is a crucial part of aerobic respiration. The Calvin Cycle is a part of photosynthesis, not respiration, making choice A incorrect. Photosynthesis (choice C) is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. Fermentation (choice D) is an anaerobic process that does not require oxygen and is not the primary energy-generating pathway during aerobic respiration, so it is incorrect.

4. What is the correct order of the hierarchy of levels in the biological classification of organisms?

• A. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
• B. Phylum, kingdom, class, order, family, genus, and species
• C. Order, phylum, class, kingdom, family, genus, and species
• D. Kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct order of the hierarchy of levels in the biological classification of organisms is Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. This order is based on the Linnaean system of classification, with each level representing a progressively more specific grouping of organisms. Choice B is incorrect because it starts with Phylum instead of Kingdom. Choice C is incorrect as it places Order before Phylum. Choice D is incorrect because it does not follow the correct order of the biological classification hierarchy.

5. Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?

• A. carbon dioxide
• B. oxygen
• C. adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• D. energy carriers

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: oxygen. Oxygen is not a product of the Krebs cycle. During the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and energy carriers like NADH and FADH2 are produced. Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the cycle, ATP is a form of energy produced, and energy carriers play a crucial role in transferring energy within the cell. Therefore, oxygen is the only option that is not a product of the Krebs cycle, making it the correct answer.

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