Nursing Elites

1. How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?

• A. 13
• B. 23
• C. 26
• D. 46

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 46. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, which include 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes, one from each parent. Therefore, humans have a total of 46 chromosomes, with 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not represent the total number of chromosomes in humans or the number of pairs of homologous chromosomes.

2. In an example of a male with hemophilia and a female carrier, what ratio of the offspring are predicted neither to carry nor to manifest the disease?

• A. 0 females : 1 male
• B. 1 female : 1 male
• C. 1 female : 0 males
• D. 2 females : 1 male

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the male offspring will inherit the Y chromosome from the father and the X chromosome from the carrier mother. As a result, they will not have the hemophilia gene. The female offspring will inherit one X chromosome from the mother, which does not carry the hemophilia gene, and one X chromosome from the father, which does not exist due to the Y chromosome. Therefore, all female offspring will not carry or manifest hemophilia, resulting in a ratio of 2 females to 1 male. Choice A is incorrect because it does not account for the female offspring. Choices B and C are incorrect as they do not reflect the correct ratio based on the inheritance pattern of hemophilia.

3. Which organelle would you expect to be present in a cell responsible for detoxifying multiple molecules?

• A. rough ER
• B. smooth ER
• C. lysosome
• D. Golgi apparatus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the organelle responsible for detoxifying multiple molecules in a cell. It contains enzymes that help break down toxins and drugs, making it an essential organelle for detoxification processes. The rough ER, lysosome, and Golgi apparatus do not play direct roles in detoxification. The rough ER is mainly involved in protein synthesis and transport. Lysosomes are responsible for digestion and recycling within the cell. The Golgi apparatus is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or for use within the cell.

4. What organelle do plant cells have that functions as storage, waste disposal, and protection?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Vacuoles
• D. Ribosomes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Correct! Plant cells have vacuoles that serve as storage centers, help in waste disposal by containing and isolating harmful materials, and contribute to protection by storing toxic substances. The other choices are incorrect because the nucleus contains genetic material, mitochondria are responsible for energy production, and ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.

5. The apical side of an epithelial cell:

• A. Is exposed to fluid or air
• B. Is on the bottom side of the cell
• C. Does not allow any substances to pass through
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The apical side of an epithelial cell is the top side, which is typically exposed to fluids, air, or the inside of an organ. This side allows substances to pass through it, facilitating the absorption, secretion, or excretion of various substances. Choice B is incorrect as the apical side is not on the bottom but the top side. Choice C is incorrect as the apical side does allow substances to pass through. Choice D is incorrect as there are characteristics associated with the apical side.

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