Nursing Elites

1. Which part of cellular respiration produces the greatest amount of ATP?

• A. electron transport chain
• B. glycolysis
• C. citric acid cycle
• D. fermentation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The electron transport chain (ETC) produces the greatest amount of ATP during cellular respiration. This process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and involves the transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes, creating a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP. By utilizing the energy from the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 produced in earlier stages of cellular respiration, the ETC can generate a large amount of ATP efficiently through oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis only produces a small amount of ATP in comparison to the ETC. The citric acid cycle generates some ATP but not as much as the ETC. Fermentation does not produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and yields a much smaller amount of ATP compared to the ETC.

2. From which component do RNA and DNA derive their names?

• A. From the sugar each contains
• B. From the structure of their nucleotides
• C. From the information they transfer
• D. From their formative processes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: RNA and DNA derive their names from the sugar each contains. RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid, with 'ribo' indicating the ribose sugar in its structure. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, with 'deoxyribo' referring to the deoxyribose sugar in its structure. The sugars in RNA and DNA molecules distinguish them and are the basis for their names. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately explain how RNA and DNA derive their names.

3. What process involves the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane?

• A. Diffusion
• B. Osmosis
• C. Active Transport
• D. Facilitated Diffusion

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Osmosis is the process specifically involving the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane, from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. This process helps balance concentrations on both sides of the membrane. Choice A, Diffusion, refers to the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, not specific to water. Choice C, Active Transport, requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, unlike osmosis. Choice D, Facilitated Diffusion, involves the use of transport proteins to move specific substances across membranes, not limited to water molecules.

4. Which molecules contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

• A. Lipids and proteins
• B. Carbohydrates and lipids
• C. Proteins and carbohydrates
• D. Nucleic acids and proteins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Carbohydrates and lipids are the molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates such as sugars and starches are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1, while lipids such as fats and oils are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as well. Lipids typically contain more carbon and hydrogen atoms compared to oxygen atoms. Proteins contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, while nucleic acids contain phosphorus in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they include molecules that contain elements other than carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

5. Which of the following describes how a bacterium reproduces?

• A. Mitosis
• B. Meiosis
• C. Binary fission
• D. Cytokinesis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Bacteria reproduce through a process called 'binary fission.' During binary fission, a bacterium duplicates its DNA and then divides into two identical daughter cells. This method is the primary way bacteria replicate. Choice A, 'Mitosis,' is incorrect because mitosis is a process specific to eukaryotic cells, where the nucleus divides to produce two identical nuclei. Choice B, 'Meiosis,' is incorrect as meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that produces gametes with half the chromosome number. Choice D, 'Cytokinesis,' is not the correct answer as cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which occurs after the genetic material has been divided in mitosis or meiosis.

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