HESI A2
Anatomy HESI A2 Practice Test
1. Which of the following statements best describes endocrine glands?
- A. They secrete chemicals into the blood
- B. They secrete enzymes into ducts
- C. They produce sweat
- D. They produce saliva
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones are then carried to target organs and tissues throughout the body, where they regulate various physiological functions. The statement 'They secrete chemicals into the blood' accurately describes the function of endocrine glands. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because endocrine glands do not secrete enzymes into ducts, produce sweat, or produce saliva. These functions are typically associated with exocrine glands, sweat glands, and salivary glands, respectively.
2. What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the blood?
- A. Transporting oxygen
- B. Carrying nutrients
- C. Clotting blood
- D. Removing carbon dioxide
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Transporting oxygen. Hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, plays a crucial role in transporting oxygen in the blood. It binds to oxygen in the lungs forming oxyhemoglobin and carries it to tissues and organs throughout the body. Once at the destination, hemoglobin releases the oxygen for cellular respiration, providing energy for various physiological processes. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as hemoglobin's primary function is not carrying nutrients, clotting blood, or removing carbon dioxide. These functions are carried out by other components in the blood such as plasma proteins, platelets, and red blood cells, respectively.
3. How do the digestive system and urinary system work together?
- A. The digestive system controls the function of the ureter.
- B. The urinary system removes toxins from the products of digestion.
- C. The digestive system manufactures hormones that influence urination.
- D. The urinary system eliminates some waste products of digestion.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the urinary system eliminates some waste products of digestion. After digestion in the digestive system, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream, and waste products are transported to the kidneys via the urinary system to be excreted as urine. This process helps eliminate waste products generated during digestion, illustrating the coordination between the digestive and urinary systems. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Choice A is incorrect as the ureter is part of the urinary system, not controlled by the digestive system. Choice B is incorrect as the urinary system primarily removes metabolic waste, not toxins from digestion. Choice C is incorrect because the digestive system mainly aids in digestion and nutrient absorption, not hormone production affecting urination.
4. What is the first step in pulmonary circulation?
- A. Blood moves toward the heart through the pulmonary veins.
- B. The pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
- C. Carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.
- D. Oxygenated blood moves through the aorta.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to the lungs. The first step in pulmonary circulation involves the right ventricle of the heart pumping deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery then carries this deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. This step is crucial for the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen to occur in the lungs, facilitating the oxygenation of blood. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not represent the initial step in pulmonary circulation. Option A refers to blood moving away from the heart, option C describes the gas exchange process that occurs in the lungs but not as the first step, and option D mentions oxygenated blood moving through the aorta, which happens after oxygenation in the lungs.
5. Which structure of the respiratory system is involved in gas exchange?
- A. Trachea
- B. Bronchioles
- C. Alveoli
- D. Larynx
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The alveoli are the primary site for gas exchange in the respiratory system. These tiny air sacs in the lungs are where oxygen is taken up into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released from the bloodstream into the lungs to be exhaled. The trachea (Choice A) is the windpipe that carries air to and from the lungs but is not directly involved in gas exchange. Bronchioles (Choice B) are smaller airway branches that lead to the alveoli but do not participate in gas exchange themselves. The larynx (Choice D) plays a role in producing sound and protecting the airway but is not primarily responsible for gas exchange.
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