Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is true of the Krebs cycle?

• A. It is a redox reaction involving proteins produced during glycolysis
• B. It is a redox reaction involving sugars produced during glycolysis
• C. Protons are passed along a gradient to produce ATP
• D. It is also known as the glycolic acid cycle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, involves a series of redox reactions that occur in the mitochondria. The cycle begins with the oxidation of acetyl CoA, which is derived from the breakdown of sugars produced during glycolysis. These sugars are broken down further in the Krebs cycle to produce ATP and reduce electron carriers such as NADH and FADH2. The cycle does not involve proteins produced during glycolysis. Protons are not passed along a gradient to produce ATP directly in the Krebs cycle; rather, they are used in the electron transport chain to generate ATP. The Krebs cycle is not known as the glycolic acid cycle; glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that produces pyruvate from glucose.

2. Which of the following describes the situation where one allele takes a different form from another in a gene?

• A. phenotype
• B. heterozygous
• C. homolog
• D. homozygous

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Heterozygous is the term used to describe the genotype of an individual with two different alleles for a specific gene. In this case, one allele takes a different form from another, resulting in genetic diversity and variation in trait expression. The other choices are incorrect: 'phenotype' refers to the observable traits of an organism, 'homolog' typically refers to chromosomes that are similar in structure, and 'homozygous' describes the genotype where both alleles for a gene are the same.

3. DNA bases include all but which of the following?

• A. Adenine
• B. Thymine
• C. Uracil
• D. Cytosine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Uracil. Uracil is not a DNA base; it is a base found only in RNA. The four bases in DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. Choice A, Adenine, is a correct DNA base. Choice B, Thymine, is a correct DNA base. Choice D, Cytosine, is a correct DNA base. Therefore, Uracil is the only incorrect choice among the options provided.

4. During protein synthesis, what process creates a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template?

• A. Transcription
• B. Translation
• C. Transformation
• D. Replication

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Transcription.' During protein synthesis, transcription is the process that creates a complementary RNA strand from a DNA template. This process involves the synthesis of mRNA using DNA as a template. Choice B, 'Translation,' is incorrect as it is the process where the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide chain. Choice C, 'Transformation,' is not related to the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. Choice D, 'Replication,' is the process of copying DNA to produce an identical DNA molecule, not RNA.

5. What are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production?

• A. Fermentation and internal respiration
• B. Fermentation and external respiration
• C. Fermentation and cellular respiration
• D. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Fermentation and cellular respiration.' Fermentation is an anaerobic catabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing limited amounts of ATP. Cellular respiration, on the other hand, is the aerobic catabolic pathway that occurs in the presence of oxygen and is the most efficient way of producing ATP. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because internal respiration, external respiration, and anaerobic respiration are not the correct pathways leading to cellular energy production.

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