Nursing Elites

1. Which cellular structure is largely protective in function?

• A. Mitochondrion
• B. Vacuole
• C. Cell membrane
• D. Ribosome

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cell membrane. The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is largely protective in function as it serves as a selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, providing structural support and helping to maintain cell integrity. It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, thus protecting the cell from harmful external factors while allowing essential nutrients to enter. Mitochondrion (choice A) is responsible for energy production, not primarily protective. Vacuole (choice B) is mainly involved in storage and transport. Ribosome (choice D) is involved in protein synthesis, not protective functions.

2. The apical side of an epithelial cell:

• A. Is exposed to fluid or air
• B. Is on the bottom side of the cell
• C. Does not allow any substances to pass through
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The apical side of an epithelial cell is the top side, which is typically exposed to fluids, air, or the inside of an organ. This side allows substances to pass through it, facilitating the absorption, secretion, or excretion of various substances. Choice B is incorrect as the apical side is not on the bottom but the top side. Choice C is incorrect as the apical side does allow substances to pass through. Choice D is incorrect as there are characteristics associated with the apical side.

3. What propels the cell forward?

• A. Microfilaments
• B. Propulsion
• C. Cilia
• D. Flagella

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Propulsion, not microfilaments, cilia, or flagella, is what drives the cell forward. Propulsion is the force or process that propels the cell forward and allows it to move within its environment. Microfilaments are involved in cell structure, cilia are small hair-like structures for movement, and flagella are tail-like structures used for cell propulsion in some organisms.

4. Which of the following bases is not present in RNA?

• A. Adenine
• B. Thymine
• C. Uracil
• D. Cytosine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Thymine is not present in RNA. RNA uses uracil as one of its bases, which pairs with adenine. In RNA, adenine does not pair with thymine as in DNA. Cytosine and guanine are the other two bases found in both RNA and DNA.

5. How does yeast reproduce?

• A. Binary fission
• B. Spore formation
• C. Budding
• D. Cloning

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Yeast typically reproduces through a process called budding. During budding, a small outgrowth forms on the parent yeast cell, gradually enlarging in size until it separates to become a new, genetically identical daughter cell. This method of reproduction allows yeast to rapidly multiply and grow in favorable conditions. It is different from binary fission, spore formation, and cloning. Binary fission involves the division of a single organism into two genetically identical organisms. Spore formation is a method seen in certain fungi where specialized cells develop into spores for reproduction. Cloning involves producing genetically identical copies of an organism. Therefore, budding is the correct answer for how yeast reproduces.

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