Nursing Elites

1. Ocean waves may tear sponges into pieces, each of which may grow into a new sponge. What is this form of reproduction called?

• A. Budding
• B. Vegetative propagation
• C. Binary fission
• D. Fragmentation

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Fragmentation is the form of asexual reproduction where an organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment can grow into a new individual. In the case of sponges being torn into pieces by ocean waves, each piece has the potential to develop into a new sponge, making fragmentation the correct answer in this scenario. Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops as an outgrowth from the parent organism. Vegetative propagation involves the growth of new individuals from plant parts like stems or roots. Binary fission is a method of reproduction seen in some single-celled organisms where one cell divides into two identical cells.

2. How do animal cells divide?

• A. Through a contractile ring
• B. Via a cell plate
• C. Both methods
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Animal cells divide through a contractile ring made of actin and myosin filaments. The ring contracts, pinching the cell membrane in the middle to form two daughter cells. Plant cells use a cell plate due to their rigid cell walls, making choices B and C incorrect. Choice D is incorrect as animal cells do use the contractile ring method for division.

3. Which molecules contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

• A. Lipids and proteins
• B. Carbohydrates and lipids
• C. Proteins and carbohydrates
• D. Nucleic acids and proteins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Carbohydrates and lipids are the molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates such as sugars and starches are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1, while lipids such as fats and oils are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as well. Lipids typically contain more carbon and hydrogen atoms compared to oxygen atoms. Proteins contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, while nucleic acids contain phosphorus in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they include molecules that contain elements other than carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

4. Which is true of gametes?

• A. They are diploid cells
• B. They are haploid cells
• C. They are somatic
• D. A & C are true

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Gametes are sex cells (sperm and eggs) that are involved in sexual reproduction. They are haploid cells, meaning they have half the number of chromosomes (n) compared to diploid cells. This is necessary for the formation of a diploid zygote when two gametes unite during fertilization. Somatic cells are non-reproductive cells in the body, so they are not gametes. Choice A is incorrect because gametes are not diploid but haploid. Choice C is incorrect because gametes are not somatic cells.

5. What organelle in the cell produces energy through the process of respiration?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Golgi Apparatus
• D. Chloroplasts

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mitochondria. The mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for producing energy through respiration in eukaryotic cells. Choice A, the Nucleus, is not involved in energy production but rather houses the cell's genetic material. Choice C, the Golgi Apparatus, is responsible for packaging and processing proteins, not energy production. Choice D, Chloroplasts, are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells, not respiration for energy production.

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