Nursing Elites

1. Energy manifests in various forms. Which of the following is NOT considered a fundamental energy type?

• A. Thermal energy
• B. Momentum
• C. Sound energy
• D. Chemical energy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Momentum is not considered a form of energy; it is a property of moving objects. Thermal, sound, and chemical energy are all forms of energy. Thermal energy is the energy associated with the movement of particles within an object. Sound energy is produced by vibrations and travels through materials as waves. Chemical energy is stored within the bonds of chemical compounds. While momentum is a crucial concept in physics, it is not a fundamental form of energy.

2. For steady, incompressible flow through a pipe, the mass flow rate (ṁ) is related to the fluid density (ρ), cross-sectional area (A), and average velocity (v) via the continuity equation:

• A. ṁ cannot be determined without additional information
• B. ṁ = ρvA
• C. Bernoulli's principle is solely applicable here
• D. The equation of state for the specific fluid is required

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The continuity equation for steady, incompressible flow states that the mass flow rate is the product of the fluid's density, velocity, and cross-sectional area. Hence, ṁ = ρvA. Choice A is incorrect because the mass flow rate can be determined using the given formula. Choice C is incorrect as Bernoulli's principle does not directly relate to the mass flow rate calculation. Choice D is incorrect as the equation of state is not needed to calculate the mass flow rate in this scenario.

3. During an isothermal (constant temperature) expansion, what is the work done by the gas on the surroundings?

• A. Positive and equal to the change in internal energy.
• B. Zero.
• C. Negative and equal to the change in internal energy.
• D. Positive and greater than the change in internal energy.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In an isothermal expansion, the temperature remains constant, meaning there is no change in internal energy. However, the gas still does work on the surroundings as it expands, and this work is positive. Since internal energy does not change, the correct answer is D, 'Positive and greater than the change in internal energy.' Choice A is incorrect because the work done is not equal to the change in internal energy. Choice B is incorrect as work is done during the expansion. Choice C is incorrect since the work done is not negative during an isothermal expansion.

4. What is the SI unit for quantifying the transfer of energy due to an applied force?

• A. Newton (N)
• B. Meter per second (m/s)
• C. Joule (J)
• D. Kilogram (kg)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Joule (J). The joule is the SI unit used to quantify the transfer of energy due to an applied force. It is defined as the work done when a force of one newton is applied over a distance of one meter. Newton (N) is the unit of force, not energy transfer. Meter per second (m/s) is the unit of speed, not energy transfer. Kilogram (kg) is the unit of mass, not energy transfer. Therefore, the correct unit for quantifying the transfer of energy due to an applied force is the joule (J).

5. In Einstein’s mass-energy equation, what is represented by c?

• A. Distance in centimeters
• B. The speed of light
• C. Degrees Celsius
• D. Centrifugal force

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In Einstein's mass-energy equation, E=mc^2, the symbol 'c' represents the speed of light in a vacuum, which is approximately equal to 3.00 x 10^8 meters per second. This equation demonstrates the equivalence of energy (E) and mass (m) and is a fundamental concept in the theory of relativity. Choice A is incorrect as 'c' does not represent distance in centimeters. Choice C is incorrect as 'c' does not represent degrees Celsius. Choice D is incorrect as 'c' does not represent centrifugal force.

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