Nursing Elites

1. 72 chromosomes undergo meiosis. How many chromosomes will be in each gamete?

• A. 18
• B. 36
• C. 72
• D. 144

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During meiosis, the number of chromosomes is halved in each gamete. Since 72 chromosomes undergo meiosis, each gamete will contain half of that number, which is 36 chromosomes. Therefore, the correct answer is 18 chromosomes in each gamete. Choice B (36 chromosomes) is incorrect because it represents the total number of chromosomes that undergo meiosis, not the number in each gamete. Choice C (72 chromosomes) is incorrect as it represents the initial number of chromosomes, not the number in each gamete after meiosis. Choice D (144 chromosomes) is incorrect as it doubles the initial number of chromosomes, which is not the outcome of meiosis.

2. How should a researcher test the hypothesis that eating chocolate leads to acne in teenagers?

• A. Take 100 teenagers and feed each one a different amount of chocolate daily for 60 days; then test for acne.
• B. Take 100 teenagers and feed 50 two bars of chocolate daily for 60 days while the other 50 eat no chocolate; then test for acne.
• C. Take 1 teenager and feed him or her two bars of chocolate for 30 days and no chocolate for 30 days; then test for acne.
• D. Take 100 teenagers and feed them no chocolate for 30 days and two bars of chocolate apiece for 30 days; then test for acne.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Option B is the correct approach to test the hypothesis that eating chocolate leads to acne in teenagers. This method involves having a control group (50 teenagers not consuming chocolate) and an experimental group (50 teenagers consuming two bars of chocolate daily), which allows for comparison. By having two distinct groups, researchers can assess the impact of chocolate consumption on acne development. Option A lacks a control group for comparison, making it harder to attribute any observed effects specifically to chocolate consumption. Option C only involves a single subject, which limits the generalizability of the results. Option D, where all teenagers experience both conditions, does not allow for a direct comparison between chocolate consumption and acne development, as all subjects are exposed to both conditions.

3. What is the typical result of mitosis in humans?

• A. two diploid cells
• B. two haploid cells
• C. four diploid cells
• D. four haploid cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: two diploid cells. Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In humans, the typical result of mitosis is the formation of two diploid cells, not haploid or four cells. Choice B, two haploid cells, is incorrect because mitosis produces genetically identical diploid cells. Choices C and D, four diploid cells and four haploid cells, respectively, are incorrect as mitosis results in two daughter cells, not four.

4. What helps the cell maintain its shape and allows it to adapt?

• A. Microfilaments
• B. Cytoplasm
• C. Cytoskeleton
• D. Centrioles

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The cytoskeleton is the correct answer. It provides structural support to the cell, helps maintain its shape, and enables it to adapt to different environments. Microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton, but they alone do not encompass the entire cytoskeleton's functions. Cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell where organelles are suspended and is not directly responsible for maintaining cell shape. Centrioles are involved in cell division and do not primarily contribute to maintaining the cell's shape and adaptation.

5. Which system maintains the body's balance through the release of hormones directly into the bloodstream?

• A. The gastrointestinal system
• B. The endocrine system
• C. The digestive system
• D. The endocrine system

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: The endocrine system. The endocrine system maintains the body's balance through the release of hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones produced by glands in the endocrine system regulate various bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. This system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by releasing hormones that help control and coordinate different processes in the body. Choices A, C, and B are incorrect. The gastrointestinal system is responsible for digestion, absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste; the digestive system includes the gastrointestinal system and other accessory organs; and choice B is a duplicate of the correct answer.

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