Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands during stress?

• A. Insulin
• B. Adrenaline
• C. Melatonin
• D. Cortisol

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is released by the adrenal glands during stress to prepare the body for rapid action. It helps in triggering the body's fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate, and providing a burst of energy when faced with stressful situations. Insulin (Choice A) is produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels, not by the adrenal glands. Melatonin (Choice C) is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and is produced by the pineal gland, not the adrenal glands. Cortisol (Choice D) is another hormone produced by the adrenal glands, but it is not the primary hormone released during immediate stress responses; it is more involved in long-term stress regulation.

2. What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

• A. To transport oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
• B. To regulate body temperature
• C. To fight infections
• D. To produce energy

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The primary function of the respiratory system is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the bloodstream. Oxygen is taken in during inhalation and transported to cells, while carbon dioxide is removed during exhalation as a waste product of cellular metabolism. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not reflect the primary function of the respiratory system. Regulating body temperature is mainly controlled by the thermoregulatory system, fighting infections is a function of the immune system, and producing energy is primarily done by the metabolic system.

3. The lateral side of the right knee would be ___________.

• A. the kneecap
• B. closest to the left knee
• C. farthest from the left knee
• D. on the underside of the knee

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The lateral side of the right knee is the side that is farthest from the left knee when looking at the knee joint from the front. The term 'lateral' refers to the side of the body that is farther away from the midline or center of the body. In this case, the lateral side of the right knee is on the outer side of the knee joint, away from the other knee. Choice A is incorrect as the kneecap is located at the front of the knee. Choice B is incorrect as it describes the medial side, not the lateral side. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to the underside, which is not related to the lateral aspect of the knee.

4. Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?

• A. Smooth muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Striated muscle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, allowing individuals to consciously regulate its contractions for movement. Examples of skeletal muscle control include actions like walking, running, and lifting weights. Smooth muscle (choice A) and cardiac muscle (choice B) are both involuntary muscles, meaning they are not under conscious control. While skeletal muscle is striated (choice D), striated muscle is a broader category that includes both voluntary (skeletal) and involuntary (cardiac) muscles.

5. What is the main function of the adrenal glands?

• A. Regulation of metabolism
• B. Production of bile
• C. Regulation of blood pressure
• D. Production of insulin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The main function of the adrenal glands is to produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, metabolism, and the body's stress response. While the adrenal glands do have some impact on metabolism, their primary function is not the direct regulation of metabolism. They are not involved in the production of bile or insulin. Therefore, the correct answer is the regulation of blood pressure.

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