Nursing Elites

1. What is the molarity of a solution containing 45 moles of NaCl in 4 liters?

• A. 0.11 M NaCl
• B. 0.45 M NaCl
• C. 1.8 M NaCl
• D. 8.9 M NaCl

Correct answer: A

Rationale: To calculate the molarity of a solution, you use the formula: Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution. In this case, M = 45 moles / 4 L = 11.25 M. The correct answer is 0.11 M NaCl. Choice B is incorrect as it doesn't match the calculated value. Choice C is also incorrect as it is significantly higher than the correct molarity. Choice D is incorrect as it is excessively high compared to the calculated value.

2. Which of the following is the weakest intermolecular force?

• A. Dipole interactions
• B. Hydrogen bonding
• C. Van der Waals forces
• D. Dispersion forces

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Dispersion forces, also known as London dispersion forces, are the weakest intermolecular forces. They are temporary attractive forces that occur due to momentary shifts in electron distribution within molecules. While dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals forces are stronger intermolecular forces, dispersion forces are the weakest because they arise from short-lived fluctuations in electron density. Dipole interactions involve permanent dipoles in molecules, making them stronger than dispersion forces. Hydrogen bonding is stronger than dipole interactions and involves hydrogen atoms bonded to highly electronegative atoms. Van der Waals forces encompass dipole-dipole interactions and dispersion forces, making them stronger than dispersion forces alone.

3. Which substance forms hydroxide ions when placed in water?

• A. Lemon juice
• B. Battery acid
• C. Vinegar
• D. Lye

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, lye. Lye, also known as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is a strong base that forms hydroxide ions (OH-) when placed in water. When lye dissolves in water, it dissociates into sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions, making it an alkaline substance. Lemon juice, battery acid, and vinegar do not form hydroxide ions when placed in water. Lemon juice contains citric acid, battery acid contains sulfuric acid, and vinegar contains acetic acid, none of which produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.

4. Which material has the smallest specific heat capacity?

• A. water
• B. wood
• C. aluminum
• D. glass

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius. Among the options provided, aluminum has the smallest specific heat capacity. This means that it requires the least amount of heat to raise its temperature compared to water, wood, and glass. Water has a high specific heat capacity, making it resistant to temperature changes, while wood and glass have higher specific heat capacities compared to aluminum.

5. What term is used to describe the emission of particles from an unstable nucleus?

• A. Radioactivity
• B. Radiation
• C. Decay
• D. Fusion

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Radioactivity is the term used to describe the emission of particles from an unstable nucleus. When a nucleus is unstable, it undergoes radioactive decay by emitting particles such as alpha or beta particles. This process releases energy and transforms the unstable nucleus into a more stable configuration. Choice B, 'Radiation,' is a broad term that encompasses various forms of energy emitted from a source; it is not specific to the emission from an unstable nucleus. Choice C, 'Decay,' is closely related but doesn't specifically indicate the emission of particles from an unstable nucleus. Choice D, 'Fusion,' refers to the process of combining nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, not the emission of particles from an unstable nucleus.

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