Nursing Elites

1. What is the meaning of the word 'established' as used in the first paragraph?

• A. Created
• B. Ascertained
• C. Founded
• D. Reputable

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In this context, 'established' means 'founded' or set up for a long time. The word is used to indicate that phototherapy has been a recognized and in place form of medicine for over a century. 'Created' (choice A) is incorrect as it implies the initial invention of phototherapy, which is not the intended meaning here. 'Ascertained' (choice B) means to find out for certain, which does not match the context of how phototherapy has been practiced. 'Reputable' (choice D) means having a good reputation, which is not the same as being long-standing or founded.

2. What is the meaning of the word 'shifts' as used in the third paragraph?

• A. Alterations
• B. Stints
• C. Removals
• D. Transfers

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In this context, 'shifts' refers to changes or alterations in brain chemistry and electrophysiology. The word 'alterations' best captures the idea that significant changes are occurring in the brain. 'Stints' (choice B) refer to short periods of time or work, which is not the meaning intended here. 'Removals' (choice C) and 'transfers' (choice D) do not fit the context of the sentence and are not related to the changes happening in the brain as described in the extract.

3. Which of the following is not listed as a detail in the passage about Aromatherapy?

• A. Subjects were given mild stressors.
• B. Lemon and lavender scents were tested.
• C. Vanilla worked better than lemon for stress.
• D. The study took place at Ohio State University.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The passage does not support the idea that vanilla worked better than lemon for stress relief; instead, it focuses specifically on lemon and lavender as the tested scents. The absence of this information regarding vanilla makes C the correct answer, as it is not included in the details provided in the passage.

4. The author's reason for writing this piece seems to be to

• A. Teach the reader
• B. Persuade the reader
• C. Entertain the reader
• D. Inform the reader

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The author likely wrote this piece to inform the reader because the content is focused on providing information about the Golden Gate Bridge's history, construction, and significance. The text presents facts and details without attempting to persuade or entertain. The main purpose appears to be sharing useful or educational information rather than teaching, persuading, or entertaining.

5. Which statement from the selection presents a fact rather than an opinion?

• A. One of the worst voice qualities is harshness
• B. Harsh voice qualities usually come from too much tension in the throat and jaw
• C. Your voice will sound unpleasant if it is shrill, grating, hard, piercing, brassy, too loud, or too nasal
• D. Because tension occurs in higher pitched voices, women tend to have shriller voices than men, which usually makes them less desirable public speakers, newscasters, or political candidates

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Statement B, 'Harsh voice qualities usually come from too much tension in the throat and jaw,' presents a fact rather than an opinion. This statement provides a clear and objective observation about the potential cause of harsh voice qualities, based on physical tension in specific areas of the body, which can be objectively measured and identified. Choice A is an opinion as it states 'One of the worst voice qualities is harshness' without providing a verifiable basis. Choice C lists subjective descriptors of an unpleasant voice without stating a definite cause. Choice D introduces a gender-based assertion about voice quality, making it an opinion rather than a factual observation.

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