Nursing Elites

1. What condition might result from a lack of vitamin C?

• A. Kwashiorkor
• B. Pellagra
• C. Rickets
• D. Scurvy

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Scurvy is the correct answer. Scurvy is a condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet. Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, and its deficiency leads to symptoms such as weakness, swollen and bleeding gums, joint pain, fatigue, and easy bruising. If left untreated, scurvy can lead to more severe complications. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition due to insufficient protein intake, pellagra is caused by a deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3), and rickets results from a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate.

2. What is the role of the alveoli in the lungs?

• A. To filter blood
• B. To exchange gases
• C. To transport nutrients
• D. To store oxygen

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The alveoli in the lungs are tiny air sacs responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during breathing. Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream through the alveoli, while carbon dioxide produced by cells is removed from the blood and exhaled out of the body through the alveoli. This gas exchange process is essential for the body to obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide, supporting cellular functions and maintaining overall health. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the alveoli do not filter blood, transport nutrients, or store oxygen. Their main function is gas exchange.

3. What is the primary function of platelets?

• A. To fight infections
• B. To clot blood
• C. To carry oxygen
• D. To transport nutrients

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The primary function of platelets, or thrombocytes, is to clot blood. Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis by forming clots to prevent excessive bleeding when injuries occur. They are not directly involved in fighting infections, carrying oxygen, or transporting nutrients. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

4. What is the primary role of the large intestine?

• A. To absorb nutrients
• B. To absorb water
• C. To break down food
• D. To secrete digestive enzymes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To absorb water. The primary role of the large intestine is to absorb water from indigestible food matter. This absorption process helps in forming solid waste for excretion. Nutrient absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine, not the large intestine. Breaking down food and secreting digestive enzymes are functions primarily associated with the stomach and small intestine.

5. Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of calcium levels in the blood?

• A. Insulin
• B. Parathyroid hormone
• C. Cortisol
• D. Melatonin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Parathyroid hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands, is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood. It achieves this by increasing calcium absorption in the intestines and kidneys, thus maintaining appropriate calcium levels in the bloodstream. Insulin is involved in glucose metabolism, not calcium regulation. Cortisol is a stress hormone that affects various body functions but not calcium levels. Melatonin is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle, not calcium levels.

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