Nursing Elites

1. Where can epithelial tissue be found?

• A. Organ lining
• B. Heart muscle
• C. Tendons
• D. Spinal cord

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Epithelial tissue is primarily found lining the surfaces of organs, such as the skin and the linings of various internal organs like the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and blood vessels. It serves as a protective barrier and helps with absorption and secretion. Heart muscle is made up of cardiac muscle tissue, tendons are primarily composed of dense connective tissue, and the spinal cord is composed of nervous tissue, none of which are classified as epithelial tissue.

2. Which is not part of a nucleic acid?

• A. Sulfate
• B. Phosphate
• C. Carbon
• D. Nitrogen

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Sulfate is not part of a nucleic acid. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are composed of nucleotide units, which consist of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. Carbon and nitrogen are essential elements found in nucleic acids, while sulfate is not a component of nucleic acid structure. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Sulfate.

3. What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

• A. Chromosomes are duplicated.
• B. Cell growth occurs.
• C. DNA is synthesized.
• D. DNA is destroyed.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During the S phase of the cell cycle, chromosomes are duplicated. This is a critical step in cell division as each chromosome is replicated to ensure that the resulting daughter cells receive an identical set of genetic information. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because cell growth primarily occurs in the G1 phase, DNA synthesis happens during the S phase, and DNA destruction does not occur during any phase of the cell cycle.

4. Which one of the following best describes the function of a cell membrane?

• A. It controls the substances entering and leaving the cell.
• B. It maintains the cell's shape.
• C. It controls the substances entering the cell.
• D. It supports the cell's structures.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. The function of a cell membrane is to control the substances entering and leaving the cell. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing it to regulate the movement of ions and molecules in and out of the cell to maintain internal balance and proper function. Choice B is incorrect because while the cell membrane does provide some structural support, its primary function is not to maintain the cell's shape. Choice C is incorrect because the cell membrane controls both the substances entering and leaving the cell, not just those entering. Choice D is incorrect as the primary function of the cell membrane is not to support the cell's structures but to regulate the movement of substances.

5. What cycle is the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during aerobic respiration?

• A. Calvin Cycle
• B. Krebs Cycle
• C. Photosynthesis
• D. Fermentation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The Krebs Cycle is the correct answer. It is a series of reactions occurring in the mitochondria and is a crucial part of aerobic respiration. The Calvin Cycle is a part of photosynthesis, not respiration, making choice A incorrect. Photosynthesis (choice C) is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. Fermentation (choice D) is an anaerobic process that does not require oxygen and is not the primary energy-generating pathway during aerobic respiration, so it is incorrect.

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