Nursing Elites

1. Which structure in the eye focuses light onto the retina?

• A. Cornea
• B. Lens
• C. Pupil
• D. Iris

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The lens of the eye is responsible for focusing light onto the retina. It plays a crucial role in adjusting the focus to allow for clear vision. After the light passes through the lens, it reaches the retina where it is converted into neural signals for the brain to interpret. The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye that helps in focusing light, but its main function is to protect the eye. The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

2. Which organ system is largely responsible for controlling stress?

• A. The endocrine system
• B. The digestive system
• C. The lymphatic system
• D. The respiratory system

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The endocrine system is largely responsible for controlling stress through the release of hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones help regulate the body's response to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy production. The endocrine system plays a crucial role in the body's stress response and helps the body adapt to and cope with stressful situations. The digestive system (Choice B) is primarily responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients, not controlling stress. The lymphatic system (Choice C) is responsible for immune function and maintaining fluid balance, not controlling stress. The respiratory system (Choice D) is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, not controlling stress.

3. How does the nervous system work with the muscular system?

• A. The muscles of the body produce chemicals that feed the nerves.
• B. The nervous system tells the muscles how to respond to the environment.
• C. The nervous system releases chemicals that remove excess waste from the muscles.
• D. The muscular system provides input that allows the nerves to make decisions.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the nervous system communicates with the muscular system to control voluntary and involuntary muscle movements. The nervous system sends signals to the muscles, instructing them on how to respond to various stimuli in the environment. This communication allows for coordinated movement and responses to external and internal changes. Choice A is incorrect because muscles do not produce chemicals to feed the nerves. Choice C is incorrect because the nervous system does not release chemicals to remove waste from the muscles. Choice D is incorrect because the muscular system does not provide input for the nerves to make decisions.

4. What type of joint is found at the elbow?

• A. Ball and socket
• B. Hinge
• C. Pivot
• D. Saddle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hinge. A hinge joint, such as the one found at the elbow, allows for movement primarily in one plane, enabling flexion and extension similar to the movement of a door hinge. This joint structure permits bending and straightening of the arm, controlling the range of motion in a specific direction. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. A ball and socket joint allows for multi-axial movement like the hip joint, a pivot joint allows for rotation around an axis like the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae, and a saddle joint allows for movement in two planes at right angles to each other like the joint at the base of the thumb.

5. Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of calcium levels in the blood?

• A. Insulin
• B. Parathyroid hormone
• C. Cortisol
• D. Melatonin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Parathyroid hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands, is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood. It achieves this by increasing calcium absorption in the intestines and kidneys, thus maintaining appropriate calcium levels in the bloodstream. Insulin is involved in glucose metabolism, not calcium regulation. Cortisol is a stress hormone that affects various body functions but not calcium levels. Melatonin is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle, not calcium levels.

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