Nursing Elites

1. What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

• A. To absorb oxygen
• B. To transport nutrients
• C. To produce sound and speech
• D. To regulate blood pressure

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The primary function of the respiratory system is to absorb oxygen from the air into the bloodstream and expel carbon dioxide from the body. This process is essential for cellular respiration and the production of energy in the body. Option A, 'To absorb oxygen,' aligns with this crucial function, making it the correct choice. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the primary function of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is not responsible for transporting nutrients (choice B), producing sound and speech (choice C), or regulating blood pressure (choice D).

2. What are the chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells called?

• A. Hormones
• B. Neurons
• C. Glands
• D. Second messengers

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Hormones are signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms. They travel through the bloodstream to specific target cells where they regulate various physiological processes, including growth, differentiation, and metabolism. Neurons (choice B) are nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses and are not responsible for controlling growth, differentiation, or metabolism. Glands (choice C) produce and release hormones but are not the chemical messengers themselves. Second messengers (choice D) are molecules involved in intracellular signal transduction, not the primary chemical messengers controlling growth, differentiation, and metabolism. Therefore, hormones (choice A) are the correct answer as they match the description provided in the question.

3. Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

• A. Vitamin C
• B. Vitamin K
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin B12

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting as it is necessary for the synthesis of proteins involved in the coagulation process, such as clotting factors. Without sufficient Vitamin K, the blood may not clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding. Vitamin C is important for collagen synthesis and immune function, Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and bone health, and Vitamin B12 is crucial for red blood cell formation and neurological function. However, when it comes to blood clotting, Vitamin K plays a vital role.

4. Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?

• A. Smooth muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Striated muscle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, allowing individuals to consciously regulate its contractions for movement. Examples of skeletal muscle control include actions like walking, running, and lifting weights. Smooth muscle (choice A) and cardiac muscle (choice B) are both involuntary muscles, meaning they are not under conscious control. While skeletal muscle is striated (choice D), striated muscle is a broader category that includes both voluntary (skeletal) and involuntary (cardiac) muscles.

5. A tissue examined under the microscope exhibits the following characteristics: cells found on the internal surface of the stomach, no extracellular matrix, cells tall and thin, no blood vessels in the tissue. What type of tissue is this?

• A. Epithelial
• B. Connective tissue
• C. Cartilage
• D. Nervous

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Epithelial.' Epithelial tissue is characterized by cells lining surfaces and cavities, such as the stomach. It does not contain blood vessels, and the cells are tall and thin. The absence of an extracellular matrix is typical of epithelial tissue, making it the most suitable choice in this scenario. Connective tissue, like cartilage and nervous tissue, have different characteristics that do not align with the description provided in the question.

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