Nursing Elites

1. Which mineral is considered an antioxidant?

• A. Selenium
• B. Calcium
• C. Sulfur
• D. Iron

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Selenium is the correct answer. It is considered an antioxidant mineral that plays a crucial role in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals. Selenium is an essential component of the body's antioxidant defense system, promoting overall health and well-being. Calcium (Choice B), Sulfur (Choice C), and Iron (Choice D) are not typically classified as antioxidant minerals. While these minerals have other important functions in the body, they do not primarily act as antioxidants like selenium.

2. Which vitamin is necessary for the formation of collagen?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin C
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin E

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a crucial protein that plays a significant role in maintaining the structural integrity of skin, blood vessels, and bones. Collagen is responsible for the strength, elasticity, and firmness of these tissues. Without sufficient vitamin C, the body cannot form collagen properly, leading to various health issues like scurvy, impaired wound healing, and fragile blood vessels. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Vitamin A plays a role in vision, immune function, and skin health. Vitamin D is crucial for bone health and immune function, while Vitamin E is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage.

3. Which hormone is released by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels?

• A. Insulin
• B. Glucagon
• C. Cortisol
• D. Somatostatin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Insulin is the hormone released by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels. Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, helping to decrease blood glucose levels and store excess glucose for energy or future use. Glucagon, on the other hand, raises blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Cortisol and somatostatin do not directly regulate blood glucose levels in the same manner as insulin and glucagon.

4. Which might be a result of stenosis, or narrowing of a heart valve?

• A. Abdominal pain
• B. Blood clots
• C. Edema (swelling) in organs
• D. Irregular heartbeat

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Stenosis, or narrowing of a heart valve, restricts blood flow through the valve, leading to changes in the heart's normal rhythm. This alteration can result in an irregular heartbeat, making it a common consequence of heart valve stenosis. Abdominal pain, blood clots, and organ swelling are not typically associated with stenosis of a heart valve.

5. How is pepsin utilized by the body?

• A. To break down proteins
• B. To break down starches
• C. To emulsify fats and oils
• D. To absorb water and nutrients

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach that is essential for breaking down proteins during digestion. It functions by breaking down large protein molecules into smaller peptides, which are further broken down into amino acids for absorption in the intestines. Therefore, option A, 'To break down proteins,' is the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the specific function of pepsin in the body.

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