Nursing Elites

1. The shoulder is _________ to the elbow.

• A. posterior
• B. proximal
• C. distal
• D. medial

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Proximal refers to a position closer to the point of attachment or origin. In this case, the shoulder is closer to the point of attachment to the body compared to the elbow, making it proximal to the elbow. 'Posterior' refers to the back side of the body, 'distal' means farther away from the point of attachment, and 'medial' refers to the middle of the body. These terms do not accurately describe the relationship between the shoulder and the elbow in this context.

2. Which gland regulates the body's metabolic rate?

• A. Pituitary gland
• B. Thyroid gland
• C. Adrenal gland
• D. Pineal gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating the body's metabolic rate by producing hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play a crucial role in controlling the body's metabolism, affecting processes like growth, energy production, and temperature regulation. The pituitary gland is known as the 'master gland' but primarily regulates other endocrine glands by releasing hormones that stimulate their function. The adrenal gland is responsible for producing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which are involved in the body's response to stress. The pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms, but is not directly involved in regulating metabolic rate.

3. Which part of the respiratory system is in the upper respiratory tract?

• A. Bronchioles
• B. Alveolar ducts
• C. Alveoli
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The upper respiratory tract includes structures such as the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. These structures are responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying the air. The lower respiratory tract comprises the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli are all part of the lower respiratory system, involved in gas exchange. Therefore, the correct answer is 'None of the above' as none of the listed options are part of the upper respiratory tract.

4. What is the main function of the urinary bladder?

• A. To filter blood
• B. To store and concentrate bile
• C. To store urine
• D. To absorb nutrients

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: To store urine. The main function of the urinary bladder is to store urine produced by the kidneys before it is excreted from the body. It acts as a reservoir for urine until it is expelled during urination. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the urinary bladder does not filter blood, store or concentrate bile, or absorb nutrients. It is solely responsible for storing and releasing urine.

5. Which type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Smooth muscle
• D. Striated muscle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the intestines, blood vessels, and bladder. It contracts involuntarily, allowing for movements like peristalsis in the intestines and regulation of blood flow in blood vessels. Skeletal muscle (Choice A) is attached to bones and helps in voluntary movements. Cardiac muscle (Choice B) is found in the heart and contracts involuntarily to pump blood. Striated muscle (Choice D) refers to both skeletal and cardiac muscles, which have a striped appearance due to the organization of their filaments. However, smooth muscle (Choice C) is specifically the type found in hollow organs.

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