Nursing Elites

1. The dorsal body cavity is _______ to the ventral body cavity.

• A. medial
• B. deep
• C. posterior
• D. anterior

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The dorsal body cavity is positioned on the back (posterior) side of the body, whereas the ventral body cavity is on the front (anterior) side. Therefore, the dorsal body cavity is posterior to the ventral body cavity. Choice A, 'medial,' refers to a position toward the midline, not the back or front. Choice B, 'deep,' is a term used to describe structures that are further away from the surface, not their position in relation to each other. Choice D, 'anterior,' is the opposite of 'posterior' and refers to the front side of the body, not the back.

2. What are muscle contractions that normally move food along the human digestive system known as?

• A. defecation
• B. osmosis
• C. peristalsis
• D. circulation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Muscle contractions that move food along the human digestive system are known as peristalsis. Peristalsis consists of a series of coordinated muscular contractions and relaxations that help propel food through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, facilitating efficient digestion and nutrient absorption. Defecation refers to expelling waste from the body, osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane, and circulation relates to the movement of blood in the body's circulatory system, not directly involved in food transportation along the digestive tract.

3. What is the main function of the adrenal glands?

• A. Regulation of metabolism
• B. Production of bile
• C. Regulation of blood pressure
• D. Production of insulin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The main function of the adrenal glands is to produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, metabolism, and the body's stress response. While the adrenal glands do have some impact on metabolism, their primary function is not the direct regulation of metabolism. They are not involved in the production of bile or insulin. Therefore, the correct answer is the regulation of blood pressure.

4. Which enzyme functions to break down lactose, a specific sugar found in milk and dairy products?

• A. Catalase
• B. Lipase
• C. Protease
• D. Lactase

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Lactase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose, a sugar present in milk and dairy products. When lactase breaks down lactose, it splits it into two simpler sugars, glucose, and galactose, which can then be absorbed and used by the body. Catalase is involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect for the specific breakdown of lactose.

5. Which bones do the rotator cuff help to stabilize?

• A. Radius and humerus
• B. Scapula and clavicle
• C. Humerus and scapula
• D. Ulna and radius

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Humerus and scapula. The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that help stabilize the shoulder joint. Specifically, the rotator cuff muscles help to stabilize the head of the humerus (the upper arm bone) within the shallow socket of the scapula (shoulder blade). This stabilizing action is crucial for maintaining shoulder joint function and preventing injuries. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the rotator cuff primarily stabilizes the humerus and scapula, not the radius, ulna, or clavicle.

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