Nursing Elites

1. How is mitosis different from meiosis?

• A. Mitosis is the process by which body cells are formed.
• B. Meiosis creates cells with half the chromosomes of the parent cell.
• C. Telophase occurs in both mitosis and meiosis.
• D. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis occur via meiosis.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates cells with half the number of chromosomes compared to the parent cell. This is essential for sexual reproduction as it ensures that when the sex cells (sperm and egg) combine during fertilization, the resulting offspring has the correct number of chromosomes. In contrast, mitosis results in two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Choice A is incorrect because mitosis is responsible for the division of body cells, not sex cells. Choice C is incorrect because telophase is a phase that occurs in both mitosis and meiosis. Choice D is incorrect because spermatogenesis and oogenesis involve meiosis, not mitosis.

2. A cell from heart muscle would more than likely contain an unusually high proportion of which of the following?

• A. lysosomes
• B. mitochondria
• C. mRNA
• D. ribosomes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A cell from heart muscle would more than likely contain an unusually high proportion of mitochondria because the heart muscle requires a significant amount of energy to function properly. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Therefore, to meet the high energy demands of the heart muscle, it would need a higher concentration of mitochondria compared to other cell types. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because while lysosomes, mRNA, and ribosomes are essential components of a cell, they do not play as direct a role in meeting the high energy demands of heart muscle as mitochondria do.

3. What are the three main events of the haploid cell cycle?

• A. DNA replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis
• B. DNA replication, meiosis, and cytokinesis
• C. DNA replication, cytokinesis, and degradation
• D. Mitosis, meiosis, and apoptosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In the haploid cell cycle, the three main events are DNA replication, where the cell's genetic material is duplicated; mitosis, which is the division of the nucleus to ensure each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes; and cytokinesis, the division of the cell cytoplasm to separate the two daughter cells. Meiosis is not part of the haploid cell cycle as it occurs in diploid cells to produce haploid gametes. Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death and is not a routine event in the cell cycle. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as meiosis and apoptosis are not part of the haploid cell cycle, and degradation is not a typical event in the cell cycle.

4. Why does cellular respiration happen?

• A. Cells can copy DNA
• B. Cells can breathe
• C. Cells can convert nutrients to energy
• D. Cells can divide

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Cellular respiration is the process through which cells break down nutrients such as glucose to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell. This process allows cells to extract energy from food molecules and use it for various cellular activities and functions. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because cellular respiration is specifically about converting nutrients to energy, not about DNA copying, breathing, or cell division.

5. Bacillus subtilis may be described as ___________.

• A. spiral
• B. globular
• C. rod-shaped
• D. grape-like clusters

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Bacillus subtilis is a rod-shaped bacterium. Its name "Bacillus" refers to its rod-like shape, which is a characteristic feature of this bacteria.

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