Nursing Elites

1. What is true about caloric intake for the average person?

• A. It should increase with age.
• B. It should decline and then increase with age.
• C. It should decline with age.
• D. It should remain constant over a lifetime.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Caloric intake for the average person typically declines with age due to factors such as changes in metabolism, muscle mass, and physical activity levels. As people age, their metabolism tends to slow down, and they may also experience a decrease in muscle mass and physical activity, leading to a reduced need for calories. Option A is incorrect because caloric intake generally decreases rather than increases with age. Option B is incorrect as it suggests a fluctuation in caloric intake that is not typically seen. Option D is incorrect as caloric needs usually change over a person's lifetime due to various factors.

2. What is the function of the lungs in the respiratory system?

• A. To filter blood
• B. To exchange gases
• C. To produce energy
• D. To remove waste products

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct function of the lungs in the respiratory system is to exchange gases. The lungs facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air we breathe in and the blood, ensuring oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is removed during respiration. Choice A is incorrect as the kidneys, not the lungs, filter blood. Choice C is incorrect as energy production primarily occurs in cells, not in the lungs. Choice D is incorrect as waste removal, such as the excretion of carbon dioxide, is a function of the lungs, but the primary function is the exchange of gases.

3. What type of joint is found in the shoulder?

• A. Ball and socket joint
• B. Hinge joint
• C. Saddle joint
• D. Pivot joint

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is a ball and socket joint. The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint, allowing for a wide range of motion, including rotation. This joint provides excellent flexibility and mobility, making movements like circular motions and rotations possible. A hinge joint, like the elbow, allows movement in only one plane (flexion and extension). A saddle joint, found in the thumb, allows for a wide range of motion but not as much as a ball and socket joint. A pivot joint, such as the joint between the first and second vertebrae of the neck, allows rotation only.

4. What is a common finding in a whiplash injury?

• A. Cardiopulmonary issues
• B. Side-to-side spinal curvature
• C. Eventual herniation of discs
• D. Traumatic injury to ligaments

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A common finding in a whiplash injury is a traumatic injury to ligaments. Whiplash occurs due to sudden hyperextension and hyperflexion of the neck, leading to strain or tearing of ligaments in the neck. This can manifest as neck pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. While other complications like cardiopulmonary problems, side-to-side spinal curvature, or eventual herniation of discs are not typically associated with whiplash injuries.

5. How do the muscular and skeletal systems collaborate to facilitate movement?

• A. Muscles attached to tendons contract to bend the skeleton at the joints.
• B. The hard bones of the skeleton protect the voluntary muscles of the limbs.
• C. The cardiac muscles produce calcium that is needed for sturdy bones.
• D. Smooth muscles on internal organs leach excess minerals from the bones.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The muscular system and the skeletal system collaborate to facilitate movement. Muscles are connected to bones through tendons and contract to generate movement at the joints. When muscles contract, they exert force on the bones, resulting in actions like bending the arm or leg. This coordinated effort between muscles and bones is crucial for various activities such as walking, running, and grasping objects. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the interaction between the muscular and skeletal systems. The skeletal system's primary role is to provide structural support and protect internal organs, while cardiac muscles are responsible for heart function and not bone strength. Smooth muscles are found in internal organs and are not involved in leaching excess minerals from bones.

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