Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis?

• A. High blood pressure
• B. High levels of LDL cholesterol
• C. Regular physical activity
• D. Smoking

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Regular physical activity is not a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis; in fact, it is associated with a reduced risk. High blood pressure, high levels of LDL cholesterol, and smoking are all known risk factors for atherosclerosis. Regular physical activity plays a crucial role in improving cardiovascular health, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis, and maintaining overall well-being. Therefore, the correct answer is regular physical activity (choice C).

2. Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla and prepares the body for a stressful situation?

• A. Testosterone
• B. Cortisol
• C. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• D. Growth hormone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine (adrenaline). Epinephrine is produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for preparing the body for a stressful situation. It increases heart rate, dilates airways, and mobilizes energy stores to help the body respond to a fight-or-flight scenario. Testosterone (Choice A) is a sex hormone produced by the testes in males and in smaller amounts by the ovaries in females, not by the adrenal medulla. Cortisol (Choice B) is a stress hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Growth hormone (Choice D) is produced by the pituitary gland and is involved in growth, metabolism, and various bodily functions, not by the adrenal medulla.

3. Which of the following describes an experiment?

• A. The final math grades for a group of students passing through each year of elementary school are examined.
• B. The health trends of smokers in a small random sample are examined.
• C. Citizens in a local community are surveyed to determine concerns related to the next election.
• D. The effects of a new drug are tested on a group of participants.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Option D describes an experiment because it involves testing the effects of a new drug on a group of participants. In an experiment, researchers intentionally manipulate an independent variable (in this case, the new drug) to observe its effects on a dependent variable (the participants' health outcomes). This method allows for establishing cause-and-effect relationships between variables, which is a key characteristic of experimental research design. Choices A, B, and C do not represent experiments. Choice A involves observational analysis of math grades, choice B involves observational analysis of health trends, and choice C involves a survey, none of which involve manipulating variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

4. Which of the following layers of the skin does not contain blood vessels?

• A. Hypodermis
• B. Dermis
• C. Epidermis
• D. Hyperdermis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and is avascular, meaning it does not contain blood vessels. It receives nutrients through diffusion from the underlying dermis. The hypodermis is the subcutaneous tissue beneath the dermis and contains blood vessels. The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis, which contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands. 'Hyperdermis' is not a correct anatomical term and is not a layer of the skin, making it an incorrect choice for this question.

5. What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, both related to insulin and blood sugar?

• A. Type 1 is caused by insulin resistance, type 2 by insulin deficiency.
• B. Type 1 is temporary, type 2 is permanent.
• C. Type 1 affects adults, type 2 affects children.
• D. Type 1 is treated with diet only, type 2 requires medication.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes lies in their underlying causes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the body's inability to produce insulin, while type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body doesn't effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin resistance is a key feature of type 2 diabetes, distinguishing it from type 1 where insulin deficiency is the primary issue. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can both be chronic conditions, affecting individuals of different age groups, and typically require a combination of diet, exercise, and medication for management.

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