Nursing Elites

1. How many daughter cells are formed from one parent cell during meiosis?

• A. One
• B. Two
• C. Three
• D. Four

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During meiosis, one parent cell produces four genetically distinct daughter cells. This occurs through two rounds of cell division, resulting in four haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Each daughter cell is genetically unique due to processes like crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis. Choice A is incorrect because meiosis results in multiple daughter cells. Choice B is incorrect because meiosis yields more daughter cells. Choice C is incorrect because meiosis produces four, not three, daughter cells.

2. Which is the correct order of formed elements in blood from smallest to largest cell size?

• A. Erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes
• B. Thrombocytes, leukocytes, and erythrocytes
• C. Thrombocytes, erythrocytes, and leukocytes
• D. Leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct order of formed elements in blood from smallest to largest cell size is thrombocytes (platelets), erythrocytes (red blood cells), and leukocytes (white blood cells), making choice C the correct answer. Thrombocytes are the smallest, followed by erythrocytes, and then leukocytes. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the correct order of cell size in blood formed elements.

3. Which structure in the lungs is the site of gas exchange?

• A. Trachea
• B. Alveoli
• C. Bronchioles
• D. Diaphragm

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide from the blood is released into the alveoli to be exhaled. The trachea (Choice A) is the windpipe that carries air to and from the lungs, but it is not involved in gas exchange. Bronchioles (Choice C) are small air passages within the lungs that branch off from the bronchi, leading air to the alveoli but not directly involved in gas exchange. The diaphragm (Choice D) is a muscle below the lungs that helps in breathing by expanding and contracting the chest cavity, but it is not the site of gas exchange.

4. Which part of the brain controls the coordination of muscle movements?

• A. Cerebrum
• B. Cerebellum
• C. Thalamus
• D. Medulla oblongata

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The cerebellum is the part of the brain responsible for controlling the coordination of muscle movements and helping to maintain balance. It receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain to regulate voluntary movements. The cerebrum (choice A) is primarily responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking and decision-making, not muscle coordination. The thalamus (choice C) acts as a relay station for sensory information but is not directly involved in muscle coordination. The medulla oblongata (choice D) is responsible for regulating vital autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate, rather than muscle coordination.

5. What is the breakdown product of creatine phosphate, an energy source used for short bursts of muscle activity?

• A. Glucose
• B. Lactic acid
• C. Carbon dioxide
• D. Creatine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Creatine phosphate is utilized as an immediate energy source for short bursts of muscle activity. When it breaks down, it yields lactic acid as a byproduct. Lactic acid accumulation during intense exercise can lead to muscle fatigue and soreness. Therefore, the correct answer is lactic acid. The other choices are incorrect: Glucose is a different energy source derived from carbohydrates; Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration, not specifically from creatine phosphate breakdown; Creatine is the precursor compound to creatine phosphate and is not the breakdown product.

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