Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following sentences from a paragraph about gingivitis is the topic sentence?

• A. Gingivitis can be reversed by daily brushing, flossing, and regular dental cleanings.
• B. Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease, in which bacteria causes inflammation of the gums.
• C. With gingivitis, the gums become red and swollen and can bleed easily.
• D. If left untreated, gingivitis can cause periodontitis, in which the gums pull away from the teeth.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The topic sentence in a paragraph typically introduces the main idea or topic of the paragraph. In this case, choice B correctly serves as the topic sentence by clearly stating that gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease caused by bacteria that leads to inflammation of the gums. Choices A, C, and D provide additional information that supports or follows the main idea but do not present the overarching topic of the paragraph.

2. In which of the following word pairs does the noun become a verb when the suffix is added?

• A. Biology, Biologist
• B. Apology, Apologize
• C. Happy, Happily
• D. Mineral, Mineralogy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. 'Apology' transforms into 'apologize' when the suffix is added, changing the word from a noun to a verb. In this case, the suffix '-ize' is added to the noun 'apology' to form the verb 'apologize.' Choices A, C, and D do not involve a transformation from a noun to a verb when a suffix is added. 'Biology' and 'biologist' are related but not in a noun-to-verb transformation. 'Happy' and 'happily' involve an adjective-to-adverb transformation. 'Mineral' and 'mineralogy' are related terms in the same field but do not show a noun-to-verb change.

3. Among the following transitional words or phrases, which one indicates contrast?

• A. Regardless
• B. Furthermore
• C. Subsequently
• D. It may appear

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The transitional word 'Regardless' indicates a contrast or opposition between ideas. It is often used to show that a particular fact or situation is true or relevant despite other circumstances, highlighting a contradiction or opposing viewpoint. 'Furthermore' (choice B) is used to add more information or provide additional support rather than indicate contrast. 'Subsequently' (choice C) shows a sequence of events or a cause-and-effect relationship, not a contrast. 'It may appear' (choice D) introduces a condition or possibility, but it does not signal a contrast between ideas. Therefore, 'Regardless' is the correct choice to indicate contrast among the options provided.

4. Which sentence avoids a dangling modifier?

• A. Walking down the street, a bird swooped down from a tree.
• B. Having finished the report, it was time for lunch.
• C. Reading the book, I learned a lot about ancient history.
• D. Exhausted from the hike, the tent was a welcome sight.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Option C correctly places the participle phrase 'Reading the book' directly in front of the subject 'I,' ensuring that there is no dangling modifier. This structure establishes a clear connection between the action described in the introductory phrase and the subject performing the action, resulting in a grammatically correct sentence. Choice A, B, and D have dangling modifiers. In choice A, the phrase 'Walking down the street' should be followed by the noun it is describing to avoid the dangling modifier. Choice B has a dangling modifier as 'Having finished the report' does not have a clear subject to relate to. Choice D also has a dangling modifier as 'Exhausted from the hike' is not properly connected to the subject in the sentence.

5. Which of the following punctuation marks is used incorrectly in the sentence? "Otto, somewhat abruptly, got up out of his chair, and just like that, headed into the next room."

• A. The comma after "somewhat"
• B. The comma after "Otto"
• C. The semicolon after "that"
• D. The comma after "chair"

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The semicolon after "that" is used incorrectly; a comma should be used instead. Semicolons are typically used to join two independent clauses without a conjunction. In this sentence, the phrase "just like that" is not an independent clause, so a comma is more appropriate for separating it from the rest of the sentence. Choices A, B, and D all use commas correctly within the sentence.

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