Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is a component of the immune system?

• A. Red blood cells
• B. White blood cells
• C. Platelets
• D. Plasma

Correct answer: B

Rationale: White blood cells are a crucial component of the immune system as they play a key role in fighting infections and foreign invaders. Red blood cells are primarily involved in oxygen transport, platelets are important for blood clotting, and plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries various substances but is not directly involved in the immune response.

2. What does the T wave on an ECG correspond to?

• A. Atrial depolarization
• B. Ventricular depolarization
• C. Atrial repolarization
• D. Ventricular repolarization

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The T wave on an ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization. Following ventricular depolarization, which is represented by the QRS complex, the ventricles undergo repolarization during the T wave. This phase signifies the recovery of ventricular muscle cells as they prepare for the subsequent depolarization cycle. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the T wave specifically reflects the repolarization of the ventricles, not the atria or their respective depolarization or repolarization phases.

3. Which of the following substances is NOT a product of cellular respiration?

• A. Carbon dioxide
• B. Water
• C. Oxygen
• D. ATP

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Oxygen is not a product of cellular respiration; instead, it is consumed during the process. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product, water is a byproduct of the chemical reactions, and ATP is the energy currency used by cells. Therefore, options A, B, and D are all products or outcomes of cellular respiration, while oxygen is a reactant.

4. Which of the following is an example of a fibrous protein?

• A. Insulin
• B. Keratin
• C. Hemoglobin
• D. Collagen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Insulin is a hormone, not a fibrous protein. It is produced in the pancreas and regulates blood sugar levels. B) Keratin is a fibrous structural protein found in hair, nails, and the outer skin layer, providing strength and protection. C) Hemoglobin is a globular protein in red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport; it is not fibrous. D) Collagen is a fibrous protein found in tendons, ligaments, and skin, offering strength and structure to connective tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is collagen, making it the main component of various connective tissues.

5. What is the difference between polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy?

• A. Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes influencing one trait, while pleiotropy involves one gene affecting multiple traits.
• B. Polygenic inheritance is found in simple Mendelian traits, while pleiotropy is found in complex traits.
• C. Polygenic inheritance is always quantitative, while pleiotropy can be qualitative or quantitative.
• D. Both involve multiple genes and multiple traits, but the specific mechanisms differ

Correct answer: A

Rationale: - Polygenic inheritance refers to the situation where a trait is influenced by multiple genes, each contributing a small effect to the phenotype. These traits often show continuous variation and are not easily categorized into discrete categories. - Pleiotropy, on the other hand, occurs when a single gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated traits. This means that a mutation in one gene can lead to multiple phenotypic effects across different traits or characteristics. - Therefore, the key difference between polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy lies in the number of genes involved in influencing a trait (multiple genes in polygenic inheritance vs. one gene in pleiotropy) and the direction of influence (one trait affected by multiple genes in polygenic inheritance vs. multiple traits affected by one gene in pleiotropy).

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