Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a component of the body's innate immune response?

• A. Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
• B. Phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens
• C. Inflammatory response to isolate and contain infection
• D. Production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen is a function of the adaptive immune response, not the innate immune response. Innate immunity involves nonspecific defense mechanisms like physical barriers, phagocytes, and inflammation, which provide immediate protection against pathogens without prior exposure. Antibody production is a characteristic of adaptive immunity, where the body generates specific antibodies in response to encountering a pathogen for the first time. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it does not align with the immediate and nonspecific nature of the innate immune response.

2. What type of joint is found at the shoulder and hip, allowing for a wide range of motion?

• A. Hinge joint
• B. Ball-and-socket joint
• C. Pivot joint
• D. Saddle joint

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ball-and-socket joint. A ball-and-socket joint, like the ones found at the shoulder and hip, allows for a wide range of motion. These joints provide multidirectional movement due to the rounded end of one bone fitting into the cup-like socket of another bone, enabling flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Choice A, Hinge joint, is incorrect because hinge joints allow movement in one plane, like a door hinge, and do not provide the wide range of motion seen at the shoulder and hip. Choice C, Pivot joint, is incorrect because pivot joints allow rotation around a single axis, such as the neck, and do not provide the same range of motion as ball-and-socket joints. Choice D, Saddle joint, is incorrect as saddle joints allow movement in multiple directions but are not as versatile or allow as wide a range of motion as ball-and-socket joints.

3. What is the function of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart?

• A. To generate electrical impulses for heart contraction
• B. To transport blood throughout the body
• C. To provide lubrication for heart movement
• D. To protect the heart and anchor it in place

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and contains a small amount of fluid to provide lubrication for the movement of the heart within the chest cavity. It helps reduce friction as the heart beats and moves. Choice A is incorrect because the generation of electrical impulses for heart contraction is primarily the function of the heart's specialized conduction system. Choice B is incorrect as the pericardium is not involved in the transportation of blood throughout the body. Choice D is also incorrect as while the pericardium does protect the heart, its primary function is to provide lubrication and reduce friction.

4. What is the term for the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract?

• A. Segmentation
• B. Peristalsis
• C. Chyme
• D. Emulsification

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Peristalsis is the correct term for the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. These contractions help push food along the digestive system, facilitating digestion and absorption of nutrients. Segmentation, on the other hand, refers to the mixing and breaking down of food in the intestines, not the movement of food. Chyme is the semi-fluid mass of partially digested food in the stomach and small intestine, not the muscle contractions. Emulsification is the process of breaking down fat globules into smaller droplets to aid in digestion, not the movement of food through the digestive tract. Therefore, peristalsis is the most appropriate term for this function.

5. A scientist wants to measure how far a person can run in 30 minutes. Which of the following units should be used to record this measurement as a small number?

• A. Gigameters
• B. Kilometers
• C. Megameters
• D. Terameters

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Kilometers are commonly used for shorter distances and would provide a small and practical number to measure distance in this context. Gigameters, Megameters, and Terameters are much larger units of measurement and would result in very large numbers, making them impractical for measuring the distance a person can run in 30 minutes. Therefore, the correct choice is Kilometers as it is a suitable unit for measuring such distances within a reasonable range.

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